Developing bacterial resistance to antibiotics: a laboratory activity.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a major threat to human health. Agencies, such as the World Health Organization, have called for a multistep response, including increased educational training, both for professionals and the public at large, on this complex problem. Toward that end, we created a laboratory experience, ideally suited for undergraduates, where students observe the development of bacterial resistance over the course of a week. The procedure is conducted in a single container for simplicity and reliably generates resistant strains. Eightfold increases in resistance levels were commonly observed. Multiple variations to the standard method are included and explore the effects of antibiotic concentration and additivity. In performing the activity, students learn basic microbiology techniques, including growing bacterial cultures and determining MICs. Students are able to witness the relative ease with which bacteria can become resistant and then connect this concept to natural selection. The activity itself was created in partnership with undergraduate student researchers, a practice that is becoming more prevalent. Overall, the activity promotes understanding and awareness of antibiotic resistance, which is critically needed to combat this global threat.