Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41540771›Full record

ArticleBrain and behavior2026

Measuring the Subjective Signal Strength: Validating Persian Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery Questionnaire-2.

Mohammad Atashrooz, Fatemeh Mirzai, Maede Amin Roaya, Hannaneh Fayyaz Rouhi, Arash Ghadir, Hoda Doosalivand, Amir Sam Kianimoghadam

Abstract readValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Brain and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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3 · Its place in the literature

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1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mohammad AtashroozStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Fatemeh MirzaiDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
Maede Amin RoayaDepartment of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Hannaneh Fayyaz RouhiDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran.
Arash GhadirDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Amol, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Amol, Iran.
Hoda DoosalivandDepartment of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amir Sam KianimoghadamDepartment of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAlthough visual mental imagery has been widely researched, a lack of valid measures in Persian-speaking populations has limited cross-cultural, developmental, and clinical research on imagery vividness and its role in reality monitoring.

methodsWe translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated the Persian version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VVIQ-Pr2) in this cross-sectional study. Our sample was 630 Persian speakers. Participants completed the VVIQ-Pr2 together with the Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2), the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group modeling were also conducted.

resultsConfirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure with correlated residuals demonstrating excellent model fit. The scale showed strong internal consistency. Convergent validity was confirmed by positive correlations with VMIQ-2 and SUIS, while discriminant validity was supported by negligible associations with anxiety and all Heterotrait-Monotrait ratios falling below recommended thresholds. Scalar measurement invariance across gender was established with females scoring slightly higher than males. Finally, age modeling revealed a slight decrease in the vividness of imagery from adolescence to early adulthood, followed by relative stability after that.

conclusionThe VVIQ-Pr2 is a psychometrically reliable assessment tool for Persian speakers. In addition to operationalizing subjective visual experience in theories on reality monitoring, it may facilitate future cross-cultural and developmental research.

Indexed as

ImaginationPsychometricsVisual PerceptionAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansIranMaleMiddle AgedReproducibility of ResultsSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung Adultimaginationmental imageryPersianpsychometricsreality monitoringVividness of Visual Imagery QuestionnaireVVIQ

Identifiers

PMID41540771
PMCPMC12808923

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.