Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41538548›Full record

ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2026

Associations between Water Supply Interruptions and Water Use, Drinking Water Quality, Child Health, and Caregiver Stress in Peri-Urban Malawi.

Caitlin G Niven, Benjamin Clark, Emily Floess, Blessings Chirwa, Monica Matekenya, Emma Budden, Stella Cadono, John Chavula, Victor Chisamanga, Aubrey Dzinkambani and 11 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Environmental science & technology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Caitlin G NivenDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-2342-5138
Benjamin ClarkDepartment of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
Emily FloessDepartment of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
Blessings ChirwaDepartment of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi.
Monica MatekenyaNorthern Region Water Board, Bloemwater Street, Kawiluwilu House, Private Bag 94, Mzuzu 105200, Malawi.
Emma BuddenDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
Stella CadonoDepartment of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi.
John ChavulaDepartment of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi.
Victor ChisamangaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe 312229, Malawi.
Aubrey DzinkambaniDepartment of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi.
Chisomo KapondaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe 312229, Malawi.
Neema NgondoDepartment of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe 312229, Malawi.
Norah PattersonDepartment of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
Sheena SymonDepartment of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe 312229, Malawi.
Brighton A ChungaDepartment of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi.
Rochelle H HolmCenter for Healthy Air Water and Soil, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-8849-1390
Petros ChigwechokhaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe 312229, Malawi.
Francis L de Los ReyesDepartment of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-3593-0932
Cassandra L WorkmanDepartment of Anthropology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States.
Angela R HarrisDepartment of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-8639-8539
Ayse ErcumenDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-6002-1514

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Interrupted water supplies contribute to water insecurity, water quality risks, diarrhea, and stress; other risks (acute respiratory infections (ARIs), antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance) remain unquantified. We assessed associations between water interruptions and various outcomes. Among 237 households in Malawi, we conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire and tested drinking water for generic and cefotaxime-resistant

Indexed as

Child HealthDrinking WaterWater QualityWater SupplyCaregiversCross-Sectional StudiesDiarrheaEscherichia coliHumansMalawiDrinking Waterantimicrobial resistancediarrheaE. colihygieneintermittent water supplyrespiratory infectionstresswater insecuritywater intermittencywater interruptionwater quality

Identifiers

PMID41538548
PMCPMC12874536

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.