Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41537704›Full record

ArticleClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2026

Landscape of Genomic Mechanisms of Resistance to Selective RET Inhibitors in RET-Altered Solid Tumors: Analysis of the RETgistry Global Consortium.

Sarah Waliany, Alissa J Cooper, Stephen V Liu, Oliver Gautschi, Julia K Rotow, Katherine Emilie Rhoades Smith, Urs M Weber, Dae Ho Lee, Herbert H F Loong, Jyoti D Patel and 28 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Development and Characterization of a Patient-DerivedJTO clinical and research reports · 2026
    Article
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  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

38 authors.

Sarah WalianyMass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0001-5960-8801
Alissa J CooperMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York City, New York.ORCID 0000-0001-9124-0082
Stephen V LiuLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.ORCID 0000-0002-4852-3914
Oliver GautschiCantonal Hospital of Lucerne , Lucerne, Switzerland.ORCID 0009-0000-3137-3254
Julia K RotowDana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0003-4547-2960
Katherine Emilie Rhoades SmithMayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.ORCID 0009-0004-5114-794X
Urs M WeberUniversity of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora, Colorado.ORCID 0009-0006-7396-9471
Dae Ho LeeAsan Medical Center , Seoul, South Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-9749-4638
Herbert H F LoongThe Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6607-1106
Jyoti D PatelRobert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.ORCID 0000-0002-7550-2094
Nathan A PennellCleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio.ORCID 0000-0002-1458-0064
Misako NagasakaUniversity of California, Irvine , Orange, California.ORCID 0000-0001-5308-615X
Shetal A PatelUniversity of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.ORCID 0000-0002-7210-5085
Daniel S W TanNational Cancer Centre Singapore , Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-6514-6786
Benjamin J SolomonPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-3059-5730
Tae Min KimSeoul National University Hospital , Seoul, South Korea.ORCID 0000-0001-6145-4426
Georg PallUniversity Hospital Innsbruck, Austria , Innsbruck, Austria.ORCID 0000-0003-1899-5221
Jonathan W RiessUniversity of California, Davis , Davis, California.ORCID 0000-0001-7370-7304
Lova SunUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.ORCID 0000-0002-5015-2964
Martin FrühHOCH Health Ostschweiz, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-4047-1734
Natalie F UyUniversity of Washington , Seattle, Washington.ORCID 0000-0002-4182-1601
Shirish GadgeelHenry Ford Cancer Institute/Henry Ford Health , Detroit, Michigan.ORCID 0000-0001-5240-3811
Jamie FengPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre , Toronto, Canada.ORCID 0009-0002-3017-1567
Andrew DoMass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0002-5782-5818
Christina FalconMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York City, New York.ORCID 0000-0001-9143-1639
Natasha B LeighlPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre , Toronto, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-3249-4602
Christina S BaikUniversity of Washington , Seattle, Washington.ORCID 0009-0007-0822-9060
Gillianne G Y LaiNational Cancer Centre Singapore , Singapore.ORCID 0000-0003-3586-2201
S Ignatius OuUniversity of California, Irvine , Orange, California.ORCID 0000-0002-1764-4975
Kingsley S Y CheungThe Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0009-0002-2828-7915
Tejas PatilUniversity of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora, Colorado.ORCID 0000-0003-4389-1010
Aaron S MansfieldMayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota.ORCID 0000-0002-9483-6903
Daniela WeilerCantonal Hospital of Lucerne , Lucerne, Switzerland.ORCID 0009-0007-8059-7861
Beow Y YeapMass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0009-0004-6157-5489
Lori J WirthMass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0002-2629-2289
Justin F GainorMass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0001-8697-4081
Alexander DrilonMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York City, New York.ORCID 0000-0001-6806-9061
Jessica J LinMass General Brigham Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.ORCID 0000-0001-7373-3916

Funding

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI Hongbiao Carl Lekaye · 1985 to 2026
$347.4M
Project 3P50CA265826 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI David A Barbie · 2022 to 2026
$13.7M
NCI, National Clinical Trials Network Lead Academic Participating Site (LAPS) UG1 (funded extension)UG1CA232760 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI Judy Caroline Boughey, Aaron Scott Mansfield · 2019 to 2026
$8.5M
Overcoming Resistance Mechanisms to Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase InhibitorsR01CA164273 · NCI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Aaron N Hata, Jessica Jiyeong Lin · 2012 to 2026
$5.5M
Integration of Imaging and Circulating Plasma Cell-Free DNA Sequencing Using MSK-ACCESS to Monitor Treatment Response and Predict Progression in Patients With Multiple Cancers on Targeted TherapyR01CA273224 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI Michael F. Berger, Alexander Drilon · 2022 to 2026
$3.6M
Understanding tumor addiction to TRK fusions and sensitivity to TRK inhibitionR01CA226864 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI DRILON, ALEXANDER, VENTURA, ANDREA · 2018 to 2021
$2.5M
Predicting sensitivity and resistance in RET-driven cancersR01CA251591 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INST CAN RESEARCH · PI DRILON, ALEXANDER · 2021 to 2025
$2.0M
Cancer Adoptive Cell Therapy (Can-ACT) Network Coordinating Center at Mayo ClinicU24CA283479 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI Yan W. Asmann, Susan Michelle Geyer · 2023 to 2026
$1.6M
Rapid, simple, and ultrasensitive quantitation of KRAS ctDNA at the point of care using CRISPR/Cas amplification and digital resolution biosensor microscopyR33CA272271 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN · PI CUNNINGHAM, BRIAN T., MANSFIELD, AARON SCOTT · 2023 to 2025
$1.0M
Blood-based biomarker of therapeutic efficacy for mesotheliomaR21CA251923 · NCI · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI MANSFIELD, AARON SCOTT · 2020 to 2020
$409k
Mark Foundation For Cancer Research (Mark Foundation) ASPIRE AwardNational Cancer Institute (NCI) 1R01CA226864-01A1National Cancer Institute (NCI) 1R01CA251591001A1National Cancer Institute (NCI) 1R01CA273224-01NCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748NCI NIH HHS P50 CA265826NCI NIH HHS R01 CA164273NCI NIH HHS R01 CA226864NCI NIH HHS R01 CA251591NCI NIH HHS R01 CA273224NCI NIH HHS R21 CA251923NCI NIH HHS R33 CA272271NCI NIH HHS U24 CA283479NCI NIH HHS UG1 CA232760U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Concept Award W81XWH-22-1-0021
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeRearranged during transfection (RET) alterations are oncogenic drivers across solid tumors. Selective RET inhibitors (SRI) selpercatinib and pralsetinib have transformed outcomes for patients with RET-altered malignancies. Limited knowledge exists on genomic mechanisms of resistance to SRI. EXPERIMENTAL

designWe established "RETgistry," a global consortium of patients with advanced RET-altered solid tumors who received SRI and underwent postprogression tissue or plasma biopsies assessed by next-generation sequencing. Frequencies of secondary RET resistance mutations and acquired non-RET gene alterations were determined. Progression-free survival (PFS) and time to treatment discontinuation (TTD) on first SRI were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

resultsRETgistry included 109 patients with RET-altered advanced solid tumors (lung, n = 94; thyroid, n = 15) who underwent 143 post-SRI progression biopsies (tissue, 91; plasma, 52). The median PFS and TTD were 13.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 10.1-16.6] and 17.3 months (95% CI, 14-20.2), respectively. Secondary RET mutations were detected in 20 (14%) biopsies [lung cancer, 15 (12.4%) and thyroid carcinoma, 5 (22.7%)]. Common acquired off-target alterations involved MET (18.2%; amplification, 15%), TP53 (8.2%), APC (7.6%), KRAS (7.1%), KEAP1 (5.9%), and CDKN2A/B (5.3%). MET alterations were enriched in post-SRI versus pre-SRI specimens (full cohort, 17.6% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.022; lung cancer, 19.1% vs. 2.1%, P = 0.022).

conclusionsThe prevalence of secondary RET mutations after SRI was low, underscoring a greater role for off-target resistance. Recurrent acquired alterations involving tumor suppressor genes or upstream regulators of MAPK and PI3K pathways were identified, most commonly MET amplification. Continued efforts to characterize SRI resistance biology are critical to guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, NeoplasmNeoplasmsProtein Kinase InhibitorsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-retAdultAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleGenomicsHigh-Throughput Nucleotide SequencingHumansLung NeoplasmsMaleMiddle AgedMutationPyrazolespralsetinibProtein Kinase InhibitorsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-retPyrazolesPyridinesPyrimidinesRET protein, humanselpercatinib

Identifiers

PMID41537704
PMCPMC12912800

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.