A narrative review on critical roles of iron levels in skin tone, aging, and photoaging.

Background: The skin, as the body's largest organ, reflects the passage of time through wrinkles, fine lines, uneven skin tone, and solar lentigines (commonly known as age spots). While chronological aging, defined by the inevitable progression of time, is well understood, biological aging also significantly impacts the skin. Objective: Examine and highlight iron's historically overlooked role, as it has now emerged as a pivotal factor in biological aging, influencing skin tone, aging, and photoaging. Methods: A literature review from PubMed was conducted to address a significant gap in understanding the role of iron in skin aging, photoaging, and skin tone. We focused on key discoveries that highlight iron as a critical upstream factor influencing these processes. Results: Increasing evidence demonstrates that the buildup of excess iron in the skin is likely linked to the formation of oxidants and discoloration, leading to dull, uneven skin tones and contributing to the aging process. Iron, which remains in the skin for 60 days-twice the typical skin turnover period of 26 days-could lead to iron accumulation as we age. Limitation: More clinical trials are necessary to establish a cause-effect relationship between iron and skin tone, aging, and photoaging. Conclusion: Addressing iron-related discoloration and oxidative stress is crucial for improving skin health and appearance, providing a more comprehensive approach to skincare and treatment.