ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2026
Exploring the association between higher education and steeper cognitive decline in a nationally representative longitudinal study in India.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Differences in Cognitive Aging Assessments Associated With Retest Effects.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Risk and protective factors for cognitive decline in older adults from a nationally representative sample in India: Results from the LASI-DAD.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence on the association between education and cognitive decline is mixed. Recent systematic reviews suggest no association, but most evidence comes from high-income contexts. We used data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (N = 3673; 2017-2024) to estimate the association between educational attainment and cognitive decline using linear mixed effects models. We evaluated findings across a range of models and explored the roles of practice effects, selective survival, and assumptions about the underlying causal structure using supplementary analyses. Despite large differences in cognitive level (those with higher education had higher cognition in wave 1), compared to those with no education, those with less than primary school (difference of -0.03 SD units/year; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.01), primary school (-0.04; -0.06 to -0.03), middle-secondary school (-0.06; -0.07 to -0.04), and higher secondary school or above (-0.05; -0.07 to -0.03) had steeper cognitive decline after adjustment for demographic and early-life socioeconomic factors. Neither practice effects nor selective survival could explain findings, though findings were consistent with one of the two simulated causal structures. Analyses illustrate challenges in analyzing longitudinal cognitive data and showcase potential approaches to rule out methodological explanations and probe results.
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