Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41536173›Full record

ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026

Perceived risk and time costs as correlates of hepatitis vaccine hesitancy among Chinese university students: A ten‑university cross‑sectional study.

Zhenwei Li, Binyue Xu, Haiyan Yang, Hongling Wen, Qi Wang, Xiaomei Dong, Hong Gao, Caijun Sun, Minghuan Jiang, Hong Li and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Zhenwei LiSchool of Public Health, School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Binyue XuExpanded Program on Immunization Department, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China.
Haiyan YangDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Hongling WenDepartment of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Qi WangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Xiaomei DongDepartment of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
Hong GaoDepartment of Public Health Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
Caijun SunSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
Minghuan JiangDepartment of Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Hong LiSchool of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China.
Peihang ChenSchool of Public Health, School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Yingqi ChenSchool of Public Health, School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Hongni WangSchool of Public Health, School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Chuanxi FuSchool of Public Health, School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.ORCID 0009-0000-9486-3023

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis vaccine hesitancy among Chinese university students and identify modifiable correlates to guide campus programs. We ran a multicampus cross-sectional survey (December 2023-February 2024) using a two-stage stratified cluster design across eastern, central, and western China. Hesitancy was measured with an 11 item hepatitis-adapted Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (α = 0.83). Multivariable logistic regression examined Health Belief Model constructs and convenience (travel/visit time). Among 2526 respondents, 51.8% met the prespecified hesitancy threshold. Seniors were more hesitant than juniors (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.25-1.91); students in the central region exceeded those in the east (1.30, 1.07-1.59). Off-campus residence (0.58, 0.41-0.83) and non-medical majors (0.68, 0.54-0.85) had lower odds. Higher perceived risk was also associated with lower hesitancy (0.66, 0.55-0.78). Ordering takeout showed a dose - response (e.g. 3-4/week vs never: 2.52, 1.67-3.82), whereas sharing tableware/drinkware was inversely associated (e.g., 3-4/week vs never: 0.38, 0.23-0.63). Time costs mattered: travel time >30 minutes was linked to higher hesitancy (1.43, 1.06-1.94), and unclear visit duration was also associated (1.40, 1.02-1.93). Hepatitis vaccine hesitancy is common among university students. Two modifiable levers - risk perception and service convenience - support highyield campus strategies.

Indexed as

StudentsVaccinationVaccination HesitancyAdolescentAdultChinaCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansMaleSurveys and QuestionnairesUniversitiesYoung Adultaccess to careChinaHealth Belief Modelhepatitisuniversity studentsvaccine hesitancyYoung adults

Identifiers

PMID41536173
PMCPMC12818799

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.