ArticleBMC oral health2026
Establishment of a three-dimensional in vitro peri-implant bone-mucosa composite model.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The immune-microbe-metal triad: a vicious cycle driving biomaterial corrosion in the oral inflammatory microenvironment.Bioactive materials · 2027Review
- Differential Attachment of Engineered Oral Soft Tissues to Implant Surfaces.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPeri-implant health depends on the complex interactions between the dental implant, surrounding soft/hard tissues and the oral microbial environment. However, existing 2D and monoculture models fail to replicate this complexity, limiting their clinical relevance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a clinically relevant 3D in vitro model that integrates oral soft tissue, hard tissue and a titanium implant in a 3D setup to accurately replicate the peri-implant environment. In addition, the model was designed to integrate bacterial biofilms, in order to mimic incipient peri-implant infections.
methodsAs a hard tissue component, osteoblast-covered HA/TCP scaffold structures were developed and merged with peri-implant mucosa, resulting in a 3D in vitro peri-implant bone-mucosa composite model. The composite model was then cultivated for 2, 7 and 14 days. At each time point, histological analysis, live/dead staining and collagen immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess its structural integrity, osteoblast viability and bone ECM characteristics. To demonstrate proof-of-concept for suitability in simulating implant infection, an oral multispecies biofilm was integrated on top of the implant in the peri-implant bone-mucosa model.
resultsCell viability and osteoblastic phenotype were maintained throughout the study period. Microscopic and histological analyses confirmed a homogenous structure, with a stratified epithelium overlying collagen-embedded human gingival fibroblasts closely connected to the underlying scaffold structure interspersed with bone cells. Combined with a living multispecies biofilm, this model represents several essential components observed in peri-implant interaction.
conclusionsBy combining oral soft tissue, hard tissue and a titanium implant in a 3D setup, this model represents the first and most complex model for evaluating innovative implant materials and novel treatment strategies as well as studying the development of peri-implant diseases. Incorporating different biofilms could enhance the model’s clinical relevance, enabling the study of pro-inflammatory responses to bacterial infections in a setting that includes both soft and hard tissue.
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Registered trials
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