Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41535576›Full record

ArticleJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2026

Impact of COVID-19 respiratory conditions on pregnancy outcomes in California.

Courtney B Martin, Shen-Chih Chang, Christa Sakowski, Natali Aziz, Jeffrey B Gould, David K Stevenson, Elliott K Main

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Article in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Courtney B MartinObstetrics and Gynecology, Hoag Specialty Clinic, Newport Beach, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-9852
Shen-Chih ChangCalifornia Maternal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Christa SakowskiCalifornia Maternal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Natali AzizDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Jeffrey B GouldCalifornia Maternal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
David K StevensonDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Elliott K MainCalifornia Maternal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. emain@stanford.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe objective of this study is to identify the populations at greatest risk for COVID-19 complications during pregnancy and determine their adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in a time period prior to vaccine availability. STUDY

designCohort study using delivery hospitalization discharge data linked to vital records for all births in California during the baseline pre-COVID-19 period and for all births during the COVID-19 Study period.

resultsAmong 344,894 deliveries, a total of 7181 (2.08%) hospitalized patients tested positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy. Of these, 571 (0.17%) patients were hospitalized with severe respiratory illness. Rate of severe maternal morbidity (242/571, 42%) and maternal death (10/571, 1.8%) were markedly elevated in those hospitalized patients with COVID-19 related respiratory disease compared to both uninfected parturients and infected parturients with less severe disease. Higher rates of COVID-19 related respiratory conditions were associated with Hispanic ethnicity, Native American race, state-funded insurance, and lower education levels.

conclusionIn pregnancies complicated by COVID-19, the excess risks of maternal mortality, SMM, and adverse neonatal outcomes were restricted to the patients with COVID-19 related respiratory conditions. Significant disparities were noted for respiratory conditions, mortality and SMM related to race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

Indexed as

COVID-19Pregnancy Complications, InfectiousPregnancy OutcomeAdultCaliforniaCohort StudiesFemaleHospitalizationHumansInfant, NewbornMaternal MortalityPandemicsPregnancyRisk FactorsSARS-CoV-2Young Adult

Identifiers

PMID41535576

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.