ArticleScientific reports2026
Energy-driven K-means-based LEACH routing protocol for enhanced lifetime in wireless sensor networks.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely deployed in monitoring and automation applications; however, their performance is constrained by the limited battery capacity of sensor nodes. Traditional K-means-based LEACH routing protocol improves cluster formation using distance-based clustering, but it still relies on Euclidean distance, which does not accurately represent the communication energy cost. The main innovation of this paper is the introduction of an Energy-Driven K-Means-Based LEACH routing protocol in which Euclidean distance is replaced with a novel energy-proxy metric derived from the Radio Energy Dissipation Model. This allows the clustering process to favor low-energy-cost links and penalize long-range transmissions, improving cluster-head placement without increasing computational complexity. The proposed protocol is evaluated against both the traditional K-means-Based LEACH and DEEC-KM; a heterogeneous energy-aware clustering scheme. Simulation results on 100 randomly distributed nodes across deployment areas ranging from 100 × 100 m
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