ArticleBMJ open ophthalmology2026
Development of a cloud-based estimator for analysing the disc-fovea angle in fundus images using a stacking ensemble model.
Article in BMJ open ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Cyclotorsion as a structural and functional biomarker of ocular and neuroophthalmic diseases.Acta biochimica Polonica · 2026Review
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9 authors.
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Abstract
purposeTo develop a cloud-based software for analysing the disc-fovea angle (DFA) in fundus images using the stacking ensemble model and to evaluate the accuracy of the objective DFA assessment between automatic and manual analyses.
methodsA total of 682 fundus images (573 and 109 images of healthy individuals and patients with cyclotropia, respectively) were included in this retrospective study. For manual DFA analysis, two examiners analysed the DFA using web-based analysis software for the DFA, which was defined as the average value between the two examiners. For automatic DFA analysis, the stacking ensemble model on the cloud web integrated a single-shot multi-box detector to identify the fovea and centre of the optic nerve head, along with a single convolutional neural network combined with five machine learning algorithms.
resultsThe DFA did not significantly vary between the automatic (7.25° ± 4.93°) and manual analyses (7.27° ± 5.07°) (p=0.52). The time required to analyse the DFA in a single fundus image was significantly shorter with the automatic analysis (0.430±0.240 s) than with the manual analysis (15.794±1.558 s) (p<0.001).
conclusionThese findings suggest that automatic analysis using the stacking ensemble model is useful for determining the DFA in clinical settings.
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