ArticleTropical animal health and production2026
Effect of ejaculation order and extended inter-ejaculatory period on semen quality and quantity in Murrah buffalo and Ongole cattle bulls.
Article in Tropical animal health and production, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of extending the inter-ejaculatory period from 30 min (standard protocol, SP) to 24 h (test protocol, TP) on semen quantity, quality, and production efficiency in Murrah and Ongole bulls under tropical field conditions. A total of 1,829 ejaculates from 12 bulls (six per breed) were analyzed using physical, functional, and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) parameters. Statistical comparisons were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA. In Murrah bulls, TP increased ejaculate volume by 17% (P = 0.004), with no significant change in sperm concentration or total sperm number (TSN). In Ongole bulls, sperm concentration increased by 21.5% (P = 0.021), resulting in a 23% increase in TSN, despite unchanged volume. Sperm motility improved under TP in both breeds. In Murrah bulls, initial, post-thaw, and incubation motility increased by 3.8 (P = 0.005), 3.2 (P = 0.026), and 3.0 points (P = 0.007), respectively. In Ongole bulls, post-thaw motility increased by 4.0% (P = 0.062), and incubation motility by 3.8% (P = 0.020). CASA parameters corroborated these improvements, with significant gains in total and progressive motility and kinematic values in both breeds. However, the hypo-osmotic swelling test, percent intact acrosome, and morphological abnormalities were unaffected by the inter-ejaculatory period. In conclusion, the TP increased usable straws per ejaculation by 12.07% in Murrah (~ 220/month) and 28.82% in Ongole (~ 512/month). When calculated across all bulls within a semen production station, these gains can substantially reduce the production cost per straw and increase the availability of elite bull germplasm, thereby accelerating the genetic improvement of non-descript cattle populations. These findings suggest that adopting a 24-hour inter-ejaculatory interval in semen collection schedules can enhance production efficiency, lower operational costs in AI centers, and improve the availability of high-quality germplasm, particularly benefiting artificial breeding programs involving indigenous bull breeds under tropical conditions. However, field fertility trials are warranted to confirm reproductive outcomes under practical AI conditions.
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