ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2026
Cardiovascular Risk Among Stroke Survivors With Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes: A Nationwide Study in Korean Men.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasing, its cardiovascular impact remains uncertain, especially among stroke survivors. We compared the incidence of major cardiovascular events in stroke survivors according to cigarette/e-cigarette use.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of Korean men with acute stroke who underwent national health checkups within 3 years of the index stroke (2018-2022). The patients were categorized into 4 groups based on their cigarette/e-cigarette use status: nonusers, combustible cigarette users, dual users (both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes), and e-cigarette-only users. The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent stroke and myocardial infarction. Multivariable Cox models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) across groups.
resultsOf the 115 240 men with stroke, 89 326 (77.5%) were nonusers, 23 688 (20.6%) were combustible cigarette users, 1498 (1.3%) were dual users, and 728 (0.7%) were e-cigarette-only users. During a mean follow-up of 2.61±1.46 years, 6722 patients suffered primary outcome events (ischemic stroke: 4799; hemorrhagic stroke: 1165; myocardial infarction: 758). Compared with nonusers, the risk of the primary outcome was higher in the combustible cigarette group (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.27-1.43]) and dual users (HR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.01-1.60]), whereas e-cigarette-only users showed a nonsignificant elevation (HR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.77-1.59]).
conclusionsAmong Korean male stroke survivors, combustible cigarette use and dual use were associated with higher risk of recurrent stroke or myocardial infarction, whereas e-cigarette-only use was not significantly different from nonuse. Further research is warranted to clarify the long-term cardiovascular effects of e-cigarette use among stroke survivors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.