ArticleEcology and evolution2026
Only One Percent of Important Shark and Ray Areas in the Western Indian Ocean Are Fully Protected From Fishing Pressure.
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Article in Ecology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Prioritizing Shark, Ray, and Chimaera Conservation in Rapidly Changing Polar Waters.Global change biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
133 authors.
Jesse E M CochranReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-5052
Ryan CharlesInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2187-2137
Andrew J TempleReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Peter M KyneResearch Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin Northwest Territories Australia.
Emiliano García-RodríguezInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.
Adriana Gonzalez-PestanaInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.
Amanda Batlle-MoreraInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.
Théophile L MoutonInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.
Asia O ArmstrongInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-0598
Christoph A RohnerInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.
Darren J CokerReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Royale S HardenstineReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4693-7045
Alexander KattanReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-5307
Ashlie J McIvorDepartment of Environmental Protection and Regeneration Red Sea Global Riyadh Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2693-216X
Viktor Nunes PeinemannReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Kaitlyn A O'TooleReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Lea PalmReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Eloise B RichardsonReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Kalli Valappil AkhileshICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
Haleh Ali AbediMidaf Nature Conservation Society Bandar Abbas Iran.
Reem K AlmeallaNuwat for Environmental Research & Education Janabiyah Bahrain.
Dareen AlmojilNuwat for Environmental Research & Education Janabiyah Bahrain.
Samantha AndrzejaczekHopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove California USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9929-7312
Arzucan N AskinMiyaru-Shark Programme Fuvahmulah Maldives.
Avik A BanerjeeWildlife Conservation Society-India Program Bangalore India.
Hamid R BargahiKish Island Fisheries Office Kish Island Iran.
Alissa J BarnesWildlife Conservation Society-India Program Bangalore India.
Svetlana Barteneva-VitryMarine Megafauna Conservation Organisation (MMCO) Blue Water Divers Building Trou aux Biches Mauritius.
Siamak BehzadiPersian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (AREEO) Bandar Abbas Iran.
Aymeric BeinShark Citizen Association La Réunion France.
Rhett H BennettWildlife Conservation Society-Western Indian Ocean Shark Program Bronx New York USA.
Filippo BocchiNature Friends of Maldives Malé Maldives.
Ginevra BoldrocchiDepartment of Human Sciences and Sciences of Innovation for the Territory (DiSUIT) University of Insubria Como Italy.
Gill T BraulikSea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews Fife UK.
Camrin D BraunBiology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts USA.
Eleanor BrightonBlue Safari Seychelles Mahé Seychelles.
Frances K P BuddThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Robert W BullockSOSF-D'arros Research Centre (SOSF-DRC) Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF) Geneva Switzerland.
Clara Canovas PerezMaldives Whale Shark Research Programme Dhigurah Maldives.
Aaron B CarlisleSchool of Marine Science and Policy, College of Earth, Ocean & Environment University of Delaware Lewes Delaware USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0796-6564
Michelle CarpenterUniversity of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa.
Taylor K ChappleCoastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center Newport Oregon USA.
Isabel ChaúcaOceanographic Institute of Mozambique Maputo Mozambique.
Geremy CliffWildtrust Pietermaritzburg South Africa.
Estelle CrocheletMascarene Archipelago Elasmobranch Observatory (MAEO) Agence de Recherche Pour la Biodiversité à La Réunion (ARBRE)-Biodiversity Research Agency of Reunion Island Saint Gilles France.
Nakia CullainMarine Megafauna Foundation Centro de Investigação Científica Megafauna Marinha Praia do Tofo Mozambique.
David J CurnickInstitute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK.
Ryan DalySouth African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa.
Leigh de NeckerWildtrust Pietermaritzburg South Africa.
Stella DiamantMadagascar Whale Shark Project Foundation Nosy-Be Madagascar.
Giulia F A DonatiWiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-3283
David A EbertSouth African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa.
Ehab EidSteering Committee, Species Survival Commission International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN SSC) Amman Jordan.
Igbal S ElhassaUniversity of Bahri Khartoum Sudan.
Chantel ElstonSouth African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa.
Bernadine I EverettOceanographic Research Institute Durban KwaZulu-Natal South Africa.
Mahmoud M S FarragZoology Department, Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University Assiut Egypt.
Nico FassbenderSea Around Us-Indian Ocean, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1645-757X
Sean T FennessySchool of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa.
Stela M C FernandoOceanographic Institute of Mozambique Maputo Mozambique.
Brittany FinucciNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Wellington New Zealand.
Anna L FlamRuhr University Bochum Bochum Germany.
Peter GausmanRuhr University Bochum Bochum Germany.
Arnault R G GauthierGIP-Centre Sécurité Requin ZA Pointe Des Châteaux Saint-Leu La Réunion France.
Giri Bhavan SreekanthICAR Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute Old Goa Goa India.
Trisha GuptaInterdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Biology University of Oxford Oxford UK.
Meral HafeezMaldives Manta Conservation Programme (MMCP) M. Kureli. Buruzu Magu, Maafannu Male Maldives.
Badrú N HagyOceanographic Institute of Mozambique Maputo Mozambique.
Jessica L A HainesThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Joanna L HarrisThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Jessica Harvey-CarrollMaldives Whale Shark Research Programme Dhigurah Maldives.
Tessa N HempsonMission Blue Napa California USA.
Simon T HilbourneThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Hua Hsun HsuCoastal and Offshore Resources Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute Council of Agriculture Kaohsiung City Taiwan.
Nor D IbrahimMinistry of Fisheries and Blue Economy Mogadishu Somalia.
David M P JacobyLancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK.
Sébastien JaquemetUniversité de La Réunion UMR Entropie Saint-Denis La Réunion France.
Idrees Babu K KDepartment of Science & Technology Kavaratti Lakshadweep India.
Divya KarnadDepartment of Environmental Studies Ashoka University Sonepat Haryana India.
Boaz Kaunda-AraraDepartment of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya.
Shoba J KizhakudanICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
Alison A KockSouth African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa.
Anna KoesterSeychelles Islands Foundation Victoria PO Seychelles.
Bigeyo N KubojaTanzania Fisheries Research Institute Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
Baraka L KuguruTanzania Fisheries Research Institute Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
James S E LeaSave Our Seas Foundation (SOSF) Geneva Switzerland.
Omar MahadalleSilliman University Dumaguete City Negros Oriental Philippines.
Hashim ManjebrayakathCentre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE) Atal Bhavan Kochi Kerala India.
Christophe Mason-ParkerMarine Conservation Society Seychelles Mahé PO Seychelles.
Daniel Mateos-MolinaEmirates Nature-World Wide Fund for Nature Dubai UAE.
Muktha MenonICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
Alec B M MooreSchool of Ocean Sciences Bangor University Anglesey UK.
Johann MourierMarbec, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD Sète France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9019-1717
Taryn S MurraSouth African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Makhanda South Africa.
Ajay D NakhawaICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
Nadeem NazurallyDepartment of Agricultural & Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Mauritius Réduit Moka Mauritius.
Lauren E NelsoIndian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) Victoria Seychelles.
John E G NevillEnvironment Seychelles Victoria Seychelles.
Jennifer M OlbersWildtrust Pietermaritzburg South Africa.
Raquel L OstrovskiReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Lauren R PeelThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Nathan PerisicFuvahmulah Dream NGO, Fuvahmulah Dive School Fuvahmulah Maldives.
Bradley PetersonSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Southampton New York USA.
Simon J PierceMarine Megafauna Foundation West Palm Beach Florida USA.
Simon J PittmanSchool of Geography and the Environment Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford Oxford UK.
Shikha RahangdaleICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
Joshua RambahiniarisonCoastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa Mombasa Kenya.
Ali Reza RastgooMidaf Nature Conservation Society Bandar Abbas Iran.
Mohsen Rezaie-AtagholipourFaculty of Biology, Medicine & Health The University of Manchester Manchester UK.
David P RobinsonSundive Research Byron Bay New South Wales Australia.
Melita A SamoilysCoastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa Mombasa Kenya.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1933-357X
Tamaryn J SawersThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Brittney J ScannellSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Southampton New York USA.
Jennifer V SchmidtShark Research Institute Princeton New Jersey USA.
Isabel M SilvaUniversidade Lúrio (Lúrio University) Nampula Mozambique.
Luis SilvaDepartment of Environmental Protection and Regeneration Red Sea Global Riyadh Saudi Arabia.
Jadiyde SolonomenjanaharyDepartment of Blue Economy Ministry of Fisheries and the Blue Economy Antananarivo Madagascar.
Julia L Y SpaetEvolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK.
Guy M W StevensThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Elspeth M StrikeThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Sujitha ThomasICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
David van BeuningenWildlife Conservation Society-Western Indian Ocean Shark Program Bronx New York USA.
Stephanie K VenablesNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Wellington New Zealand.
Lennart VossgaetterLeibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) Bremen Germany.
Ornella C WeideliThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Ivor D WilliamsDepartment of Environmental Protection and Regeneration Red Sea Global Riyadh Saudi Arabia.
Collin T WilliamsOcean Science and Solutions Applied Research Institute Education Research and Innovation Foundation, NEOM Tabuk Saudi Arabia.
Andrew J WillsonFuture Seas Global SPC Mina Al Fahal Muscat Sultanate of Oman.
Livi WilsonICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Kochi Kerala India.
Irthisham H ZareerMaldives Whale Shark Research Programme Dhigurah Maldives.
Kaitlyn M ZerrThe Manta Trust Dorset UK.
Michael L BerumenReef Ecology Lab, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia.
Rima W JabadoInternational Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group Dubai UAE.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-6723
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Western Indian Ocean (WIO) is known for its high diversity of chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras). However, intense fishing pressure has led to severe population declines and local extinctions of several species. The Important Shark and Ray Area (ISRA) process is a collaborative, evidence-based approach used to identify critical habitat for chondrichthyans. We analysed ISRAs across the WIO to quantify the diversity of research methods used to identify them, evaluate spatial overlap with designated marine protected areas (MPAs), model the influence of several species- and jurisdiction-specific variables on ISRA delineation, and explore the importance of incorporating unpublished data into the delineation process. In total, 125 ISRAs (covering > 2.8 million km
Indexed as
biodiversityconservationfisheriesglobal biodiversity frameworkmarine spatial planningthreatened species
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