Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41531746›Full record

ReviewBeilstein journal of nanotechnology2026

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings - a comprehensive review.

Giuseppe Cesare Lama, Marino Lavorgna, Letizia Verdolotti, Federica Recupido, Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore, Bharat Bhushan

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Beilstein journal of nanotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Giuseppe Cesare LamaInstitute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Council of Research (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7640-7945
Marino LavorgnaInstitute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Council of Research (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Letizia VerdolottiInstitute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Council of Research (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Federica RecupidoInstitute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Council of Research (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Giovanna Giuliana BuonocoreInstitute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Council of Research (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy.
Bharat BhushanDept of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The preservation of cultural heritage sites and objects faces critical challenges due to natural aging, environmental degradation, and human-induced damage such as vandalism and graffiti. This review article explores recent advancements in protective strategies for heritage materials including stone, concrete, ceramic, glass, metal, wood, and textiles. Special attention is given to the development and application of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings, which offer promising defense against moisture, pollutants, and oily substances. These functional surfaces, often based on coatings consisting of polymeric, ceramic, and composite materials, can provide durable, non-invasive protection tailored to specific substrate weaknesses and exposure environments (indoor and outdoor). Objective of this review article is to critically examine the most recent studies and materials innovations relevant to cultural heritage site preservation. First the assessment of substrate vulnerabilities and environmental threats is presented, followed by a detailed analysis of coating types and compositions. It concludes with emerging trends, challenges, and future perspectives, offering a valuable resource for researchers, conservators, and materials scientists committed to the long-term safeguarding of historical artifacts and monuments.

Indexed as

cultural heritage preservationenvironmental degradationfunctional protective materialsnanocompositesubstrate vulnerabilitysuperhydrophobic coatingssustainability

Identifiers

PMID41531746
PMCPMC12794662

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.