Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41531506›Full record

ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026

Healthcare Workers Have More Frequent and Less Severe Influenza-Like Illness Than Non-healthcare Workers: Findings From the PAIVED Study.

Ryan Liberg, Kat Schmidt, Christina Schofield, Anuradha Ganesan, Wesley Campbell, David Hrncir, Tahaniyat Lalani, Tyler Warkentien, Katrin Mende, Ana E Markelz and 17 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03734237 (A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03734237 phase4active not recruitingnot on this map

A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD

TypeinterventionalSponsorHenry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineRan2018 to 2026Enrolled15,448ConditionsInfluenza, Influenza-like Illness, Influenza VaccinesArmsEgg based influenza vaccines, Recombinant influenza vaccines, Cell-culture based influenza vaccines
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Ryan LibergDepartment of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4958-7553
Kat SchmidtInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1240-6767
Christina SchofieldDepartment of Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4412-2611
Anuradha GanesanInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Wesley CampbellDivision of Infectious Diseases, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
David HrncirCarl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Cavazos, Texas, USA.
Tahaniyat LalaniInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9361-2991
Tyler WarkentienDepartment of Medicine, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA.
Katrin MendeDepartment of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Ana E MarkelzDepartment of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Catherine M BerjohnInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Laurie HouselImmunization Healthcare Division, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5999-8935
Jitendrakumar R ModiNavy Medicine Readiness and Training Command, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2975-4896
Adam SapersteinDepartment of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-3490
Alan WilliamsDepartment of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-0547
Bruce McClenathanImmunization Healthcare Division, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6717-667X
Christina SpoonerImmunization Healthcare Division, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.
Srihari SeshadriImmunization Healthcare Division, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-4843
Ryan C MavesInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6234-6160
John H PowersClinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
Robert J O'ConnellInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Mark P SimonsInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Simon D PollettInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Christian L ColesInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Rhonda E ColomboInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-1928
Timothy BurgessInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Stephanie A RichardInfectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0530-384X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the Department of Defense (PAIVED) study is a multicenter trial assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness with annual enrollment over 4 consecutive influenza seasons (2018/2019-2021/2022). Data from PAIVED provides an opportunity to evaluate influenza-like illness (ILI) in healthcare workers (HCWs) compared to non-HCWs. Methods: Participants in the PAIVED study were recruited from September to January in each influenza season and received egg-based, cell-based, or recombinant influenza vaccine. If a participant reported an ILI, they submitted a nasal swab for pathogen detection and a symptom diary for 7 days. For this analysis, vaccine groups were pooled and multivariable regression models were performed. Results: Among the 13 959 participants included in this analysis, 35% were HCWs. Healthcare workers were more likely to be female, white, and 25-44 years of age. In addition, HCWs were more likely to report ILIs than non-HCWs (24.1% vs 17.4%, Conclusions: Healthcare workers enrolled in PAIVED reported more ILIs during the study period than non-HCWs, despite all participants receiving influenza vaccination. Further work is needed to reduce the risk of ILIs in HCWs. Clinical Trials Registration: A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD (PAIVED): NCT03734237, Study Details | A Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the DoD | ClinicalTrials.gov.

Indexed as

healthcare workerinfluenzarespiratory infectionvaccine

Identifiers

PMID41531506
PMCPMC12794008

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.