Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41531182›Full record

ArticlePsychological medicine2026

Subjective estimation of cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment: relationship with neurodegenerative and non-degenerative factors.

Calum A Hamilton, Peter Gallagher, Paul C Donaghy, Joanna Ciafone, Michael Firbank, Gemma Greenfinch, Amanda Heslegrave, Henrik Zetterberg, John-Paul Taylor, Louise M Allan and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Psychological medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Calum A HamiltonTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-3150
Peter GallagherTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-7460
Paul C DonaghyTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-4846
Joanna CiafoneTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-2510
Michael FirbankTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9536-0185
Gemma GreenfinchTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6445-4023
Amanda HeslegraveUniversity College London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7290-6405
Henrik ZetterbergUniversity College London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-4354
John-Paul TaylorTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-6558
Louise M AllanUniversity of Exeter, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8912-4901
John T O'BrienUniversity of Cambridge, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0837-5080
Alan J ThomasTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6667-9533

Funding

Alzheimer's Research TrustCambridge Centre for Parkinson-PlusDementias Platform UKGE HealthcareNational Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration South West PeninsulaNIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreNIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research CentreUCLH Biomedical Research CentreUK Dementia Research Institute UKDRI-1003
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSubjective cognitive complaints are poor predictors of neurodegenerative disease and future dementia. Errors in metacognition, positive or negative differences between actual and perceived performance, may partially explain this. We aimed to assess whether hypothesized indicators of underlying neurodegenerative factors (e.g. hippocampal atrophy) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were associated with overestimation of actual cognitive performance, and hypothesized non-degenerative factors (e.g. depression) were associated with underestimation of performance.

methodsMetacognitive error was estimated from paired subjective and objective cognitive assessments using the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination - Revised, respectively. A normative model was developed with cognitively healthy older adults (

resultsUnderestimation of cognitive function was associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and self-reported autonomic symptoms. Overestimation of cognitive function was associated with age, hippocampal atrophy, plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein, and subsequent dementia conversion.

conclusionsUnderestimation of cognitive function may reflect functional cognitive changes linked to mental and physical ill health, while overestimation of function may be a marker of neurodegenerative changes. Quantifying metacognitive error may provide a noninvasive screening tool for progressive MCI, requiring investigation in an independent sample.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseCognitionCognitive DysfunctionMetacognitionAgedAged, 80 and overAtrophyDepressionFemaleHippocampusHumansMaleNeuropsychological Testsanosognosiainsightmetacognitionmild cognitive impairmentsubjective cognitive complaints

Identifiers

PMID41531182
PMCPMC12885339

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.