ArticleBMC research notes2026
Harmonising definitions of multiple long term conditions for inflammation research: a co-production approach.
Article in BMC research notes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveInflammation is implicated in many chronic diseases, but its role in driving multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) remains unclear. The InflAIM programme aims to explore this potential link. Existing MLTC codelists are valuable but have not been designed for inflammation-focused research and often lack harmonisation across coding systems. This work aimed to develop a transparent, co-produced MLTC framework with harmonised codelists for epidemiological research, focusing on inflammatory conditions within the InflAIM programme.
resultsUsing a systematic, co-produced approach, we combined literature review, clinical consensus, and patient input. From 8 sources, 363 candidate conditions were identified, refined to 60 validated MLTCs. Patients informed terminology and diagnostic experiences. Codelists were drawn from CALIBER (43), HDR UK Phenotype Library (4), MULTIPLY (8), with 7 developed de novo. Harmonisation covered Read v2, SNOMED CT, and Medcodeids. Quality assurance excluded 16.5% of codes and resolved 92 overlaps.We produced harmonised codelists for 60 MLTCs, comprising 7,426 validated MedCodeids. Clinical consensus identified 17 conditions with significant inflammatory components. Additional lists were developed for autoimmune and infectious diseases to support inflammation-focused analyses. This framework extends existing resources to meet the needs of inflammation-focused research, offering a transparent, harmonised, and patient-informed foundation for the InflAIM programme.
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