Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41530757›Full record

ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2026

Dual-engineered Treg-Exosome-IKVAV nanovesicles spatiotemporally sequentially regulate neuro-immune microenvironment to promote spinal cord injury repair.

Su Xinjin, Gu Changjiang, Zeng Feihui, Wei Ziheng, Kong Qingjie, Sun Weijin, Zhu Chao, Chen Xiongsheng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Su Xinjin *Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Gu Changjiang *Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Zeng Feihui *Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
Wei ZihengDepartment of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Kong QingjieDepartment of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Sun WeijinDepartment of Nursing, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. ljswj.2006@qq.com.
Zhu ChaoDepartment of Spine Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. zhuchaode@gmail.com.
Chen XiongshengDepartment of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. chenxiongsheng@vip.sohu.com.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82272496Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality No. 23Y11903700the Science and Technology Innovation Joint Fund Project of Fujian Province No. 2021Y9053
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) repair remains a significant clinical challenge due to the imbalance of inflammatory microenvironment and insufficient neural regenerative ability. Current therapeutic approaches, such as pharmaceuticals, stem cell transplantation, and inorganic biomaterials, are limited by insufficient supply, poor bioactivity, and immunogenicity, severely limiting their clinical translation. To address these issues, we developed a biomimetic dual-engineered nanovesicles (Treg-Exo-IKVAV) by conjugating a neuroprotective IKVAV peptide motif with Treg-derived exosomes (Treg-Exo) using click chemistry. This system synergistically integrates the intrinsic immunomodulatory properties of Treg-Exo (early-stage anti-inflammation) with the neural regenerative capability of IKVAV, enabling spatiotemporally sequential regulation of neuro-regeneration. In vitro studies demonstrated that Treg-Exo-IKVAV suppressed macrophage-induced inflammatory responses by reprogramming macrophage polarization. Furthermore, Treg-Exo-IKVAV exerts dual direct and immunoregulatory effects on promoting neuronal differentiation of stem cells (NSCs). In vivo experiments revealed that Treg-Exo-IKVAV via tail vein injection precisely targeted and accumulated at the injured site. Subsequently, the functional assessments showed that Treg-Exo-IKVAV significantly enhanced motor functional recovery in SCI mice. Mechanistically, these nanovesicles reshaped the neuro-immune microenvironment through a two-phase mechanism: initial suppression of inflammation via Treg-derived anti-inflammatory signaling followed by activation of neuro-regenerative pathways mediated by IKVAV. This integrated "exosome-peptide" nanocomposite combining immunomodulation and neuronal regeneration provides a highly efficient and safe therapeutic solution for SCI.

Indexed as

ExosomesSpinal Cord InjuriesT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryAnimalsCell DifferentiationCellular MicroenvironmentFemaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLNerve RegenerationNeural Stem CellsPeptidesPeptidesExosomeIKVAV peptideNeuro-immunoregulationSpinal cord injuryTreg cell

Identifiers

PMID41530757
PMCPMC12888608

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.