ArticleMolecular psychiatry2026
Structural brain differences associated with panic disorder: an ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group mega-analysis of 4924 individuals worldwide.
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Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Regional Brain Volume Variation Across Adulthood: A Cross-Sectional MRI Analysis of Age, Sex, and Hemispheric Asymmetry.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
80 authors.
Laura K M Han *Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. l.han@amsterdamumc.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9647-3723
Willem B Bruin *Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-8903
Janna Marie Bas-HoogendamDevelopmental & Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8982-1670
Nynke A GroenewoldDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-8427
Kevin HilbertDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-4113
Anderson M WinklerDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA.
Andre ZugmanNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Bethesda, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6126-7759
Takeshi AsamiDepartment of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
Jacques P BarberAdelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA.
Francesco BenedettiPsychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCSS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-856X
Robert J R BlairChild and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital - Mental Health services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-2361
Joscha BöhnleinInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-5599
Paolo BrambillaDepartment of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-8456
Fabian BreuerInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Randy L BucknerDepartment of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-8037
Robin BülowInstitute for diagnostic radiology and neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-5784
Monica E CalkinsDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0546-0263
Natalia ChechkoMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9226-6196
Udo DannlowskiInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0623-3759
Katharina DohmInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Katharina DomschkeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2550-9132
Thomas DreslerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2084-1950
Angelika Erhardt-LehmannMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Gregory A FonzoCenter for Psychedelic Research and Therapy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, US.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-1034
Andreas J ForstnerInstitute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-6368
Hans J GrabeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Dominik GrotegerdInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Raquel E GurDepartment of Psychiatry, Neurodevelopment & Psychosis Section, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Ruben C GurUniversity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9657-1996
Catherine HarmerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8335
David HofmannUniversity of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-634X
Odile A van den HeuvelAmsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9804-7653
Neda JahanshadImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Tilo T J KircherDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-2625
Katharina KochDepartment of General Psychiatry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
Max A LaansmaAmsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8216-6690
Till LanghammerDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6729-956X
Sang-Hyuk LeeDepartment of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9097-261X
Elisabeth J LeehrInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-5003
Eleonora MaggioniDepartment of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-4029
Claire E MarinoThe Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
Susanne MeinertInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2177-7161
Hannah MeinertInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-0966
Barbara MilrodAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
Benson MwangiCenter of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, Houston, MD, USA.
Jared A NielsenDepartment of Psychology & Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-193X
Patricia OhrmannUniversity of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Spiro P PantazatosDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-8816
Martin P PaulusLaureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-3606
Brenda W J H PenninxAmsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-9672
Sara PolettiIRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-0246
Andrea ReineckeDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-7318
Isabelle C RidderbuschDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Pavel RjabtsenkovThe Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
Philipp G SämannMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Theodore D SatterthwaitePenn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-9399
Lianne SchmaalCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-048X
Elisabeth SchrammenInstitute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Jair C SoaresCenter of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, Houston, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5466-5628
Nili SolomonovDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1573-5715
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, US.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-2871
Benjamin StraubeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-0944
Thomas StraubeInstitute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Benjamin Suarez-JimenezThe Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
Jordan W SmollerPsychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6334
Ardesheer TalatiDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-1372
Sophia I ThomopoulosImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0046-4070
Carlos E VazquezThe Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
Henry VölzkeInstitute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Katharina WittfeldDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-5043
Mon-Ju WuCenter of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, Houston, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-8027
Yunbo YangDepartment of Experimental Psychopathology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-9883
Giovana B Zunta SoaresCenter of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, Houston, MD, USA.
Ulrike LuekenDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1564-4012
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Daniel S PineNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Bethesda, USA.
Dan J SteinSAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Nic J A van der WeeDepartment of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Dick J VeltmanAmsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Moji AghajaniAmsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.aghajani@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-4881
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neuroanatomical findings on panic disorder (PD) are typically difficult to replicate, with inconsistent effects. These concerns prompted a paradigm shift towards large-scale collaborations, focused on harmonized data extraction and processing for robust examination of PD brain correlates. Hence, leveraging the largest-ever multi-site neuroimaging database on PD (Age: 10-66 years; global sites: 28), compiled by the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group, we report on cortical and subcortical differences in individuals with PD (N = 1146) versus healthy controls (HC: N = 3778). The analyses revealed lower thickness and smaller cortical surface area within fronto-temporo-parietal regions in PD (Cohen's ds: -0.08-0.13), along with lower thalamic and caudate volumes (Cohen's ds: -0.07-0.12). Diagnosis-by-age
Indexed as
BrainPanic DisorderAdolescentAdultAgedAnxietyBrain MappingChildFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNeuroimagingYoung Adult
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