Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41529396›Full record

ArticleBiofabrication2026

Bioprinting collagenase-responsive hydrogel for controlled release of cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy.

Zhongchao Zhao, Yi Xiang, Zhuohong Wu, Yazhi Sun, Jacob Schimelman, Steven Fiering, Shaochen Chen, Nicole F Steinmetz

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biofabrication, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Zhongchao ZhaoAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0002-3736-6677
Yi XiangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
Zhuohong WuAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
Yazhi SunAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0002-7525-8327
Jacob SchimelmanAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0002-9028-2632
Steven FieringDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0003-0624-974X
Shaochen ChenAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0001-6876-497X
Nicole F SteinmetzAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0002-0130-0481

Funding

Translational Engineering in Cancer (TEC)P30CA023108 · NCI · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI Fred W Kolling IV · 1985 to 2026
$91.3M
Bioprinting Plant Virus Nanoparticles for Immunotherapy and Relapse Prevention of Ovarian CancerR01CA253615 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI CHEN, SHAOCHEN, FIERING, STEVEN · 2020 to 2024
$3.1M
Engineering viral nanoparticles for TLR agonist-based multi-functional cancer immunotherapiesK99CA283299 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ZHAO, ZHONGCHAO · 2024 to 2025
$261k
NCI NIH HHS K99 CA283299NCI NIH HHS P30 CA023108NCI NIH HHS R01 CA253615
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this work, we developed a collagenase-responsive hydrogel system to covalently load cancer immunotherapy candidate cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) using 3D digital light processing bioprinting technology. CPMV was functionalized with norbornene groups (CPMV-NB), which was then bioprinted into hydrogels with 8-arm polyethylene glycol norbornene and a collagenase-cleavable peptide via photoinduced thiol-ene click chemistry. This strategy enabled stable retention of CPMV-NB within the hydrogels and achieved controlled release of CPMV-NB triggered by collagenase. Furthermore, released CPMV-NB retained its immunogenicity to stimulate immune cells.

Indexed as

CollagenasesComovirusHydrogelsImmunotherapyPrinting, Three-DimensionalAnimalsMiceNeoplasmsRAW 264.7 CellsCollagenasesHydrogelsbioprintingcontrolled releasehydrogelimmunotherapy

Identifiers

PMID41529396
PMCPMC12848481

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.