Sex Differences in Atherosclerosis and its Clinical Complications.

Tina K Reddy, Emily Littman, Petal Elder-Odame, Zaib Hussain, Erin D Michos

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Current atherosclerosis reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Anti-Atherogenic Actions of Pomegranate Polyphenol Punicalagin and Its Metabolites: In Vitro Effects on Vascular Cells and In Vivo Atheroprotection by Urolithin A via Anti-Inflammatory and Plaque-Stabilising Mechanisms.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Tina K ReddyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Emily LittmanDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Petal Elder-OdameDepartment of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Zaib HussainDivision of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Erin D MichosDivision of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. edonnell@jhmi.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purpose of reviewThis review examines sex- and gender- specific differences in the pathophysiology, presentation, and clinical complications of atherosclerosis. We explore both traditional and emerging risk factors and identify diagnostic and treatment gaps that disproportionately affect women. RECENT

findingsTraditional risk factors such as diabetes and smoking confer greater cardiovascular risk in women than men. Women also experience unique risk factors, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, polycystic ovary syndrome, early menopause, and higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases, that further elevate their risk. Women are more likely to experience ischemia and myocardial infarction in the setting of non-obstructive coronary disease (INOCA/MINOCA). Despite having less plaque than men at any given age, high risk features on cardiac computed tomography angiography carry greater risk. Women are also less likely to receive lipid-lowering agents and other preventive therapies. Recognizing sex-based differences in atherosclerosis is critical to advancing more nuanced, equitable, and personalized cardiovascular disease prevention and care.

Indexed as

AtherosclerosisFemaleHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansMaleRisk FactorsSex FactorsAtherosclerosisAutoimmune diseaseCardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular preventionSex differences

Identifiers

PMID41528581

DOI10.1089/jwh.2022.0536

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.