Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41528440›Full record

ArticlePediatric cardiology2026

National Trends and Disparities in Congenital Heart Disease Mortality in the United States, 1999-2024.

Sandesh Raja, Mahdi Muneer S Albrahim, Bader Fahad Aldhafeeri, Abrar Abdulrahman Omar, Bashayer Abdulhameed Alqadeeb, Maha Mohammed Alhuways, Abdullah Abdulaziz Bangaryd, Munia Ghassan Alqahtany, Ahmed Baqer Alfaraj, Rayan Saleh Almughyir and 2 more

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Article in Pediatric cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Sandesh RajaDow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. sandeshraja70@gmail.com.
Mahdi Muneer S AlbrahimCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Bader Fahad AldhafeeriDepartment of Pediatrics, New Jahra Hospital, Al Jahra, Kuwait.
Abrar Abdulrahman OmarCollege of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Bashayer Abdulhameed AlqadeebCollege of Medicine, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Maha Mohammed AlhuwaysCollege of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah Abdulaziz BangarydDepartment of Family Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Munia Ghassan AlqahtanyCollege of Medicine, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed Baqer AlfarajDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Rayan Saleh AlmughyirCollege of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Sama T AlRasheedCollege of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed AlfaifiCollege of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionCongenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent birth defect, affecting nearly 1% of live births in the United States. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, CHD remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality, with persistent demographic and regional disparities. This study examined national mortality trends and sociodemographic patterns in CHD-related deaths across the U.S. from 1999 to 2024.

methodsMortality data were extracted from the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death database using ICD-10 codes Q20–Q26. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated per 100,000 individuals using the 2000 U.S. standard population. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to estimate annual percent changes (APC) and identify significant inflection points.

resultsA total of 120,626 CHD-related deaths were reported between 1999 and 2024. Infants accounted for the highest mortality (crude rate 54.2), with most deaths occurring in medical facilities (77%). National AAMR averaged 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3–2.0), declining significantly from 1999 to 2014 (APC − 2.6%) before increasing from 2014 to 2024 (APC + 1.2%). Mortality was higher among males, non-Hispanic Black, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Geographic disparities persisted, with higher rates in the Midwest and rural regions.

conclusionAfter years of improvement, CHD mortality in the U.S. has risen since 2014, highlighting persistent inequities tied to race, geography, and healthcare access. Targeted public health strategies are needed to strengthen adult CHD care networks, reduce structural disparities, and improve long-term outcomes.

Indexed as

CDC WONDER, health disparitiesCongenital heart diseaseEpidemiologyMortality trends

Identifiers

PMID41528440

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.