ArticleEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2026
A case for monitoring fungi of clinical relevance at beaches: enterococci measures do not correlate with all disease risks.
Article in Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Fungal disease is on the rise, coupled with fungal pathogens increasing in geographic range. Studies have shown that viable fungal pathogens may be present in beach sand and water, and consequently, efforts are ongoing in Europe to develop guidelines for fungi levels at beaches. In the USA, fungal diseases are a growing concern, and yet, they are not subject to public health reporting, and beach environments are currently not routinely monitored for fungal pathogens. This study measured fungal and enterococci levels at two beaches within a subtropical environment in Miami, FL. Samples were analyzed by culture-based methods, with fungi species confirmation by targeted PCR and sequencing. A unique aspect of this study is the analysis with higher incubation temperatures (37 °C and 40 °C) to isolate mesophilic fungi that can cause invasive infections. Results show that levels of fungi were strongly influenced by sample matrix (sand or water). The most common fungal species observed belonged to the Aspergillus and Candida genera, with the isolation of 25 taxa with reports of causing infections, of which 20 were previously reported to exhibit resistance to some or all classes of antifungals available. Results emphasize the need for fungal specific analyses to better understand beach-related disease risks. Given the current increase in cases of fungal diseases and the presence of viable fungi in the environment, integrating fungal measurements in routine microbiological monitoring programs is critical for assessing the beach transmission of pathogenic fungal disease and the control of emerging fungal pathogens.
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