Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41528130›Full record

ReviewJournal of virology2026

Variable and conserved B cell epitopes of GII.4 human noroviruses.

Gabriel I Parra, Lauren A Ford-Siltz, Kelsey A Pilewski, Kentaro Tohma, Michael Landivar, Joseph A Kendra

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Gabriel I ParraDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1102-4740
Lauren A Ford-SiltzDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6841-4678
Kelsey A PilewskiDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0916-4098
Kentaro TohmaDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0456-9355
Michael LandivarDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-1148-0008
Joseph A KendraDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5886-7377

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, imposing a major burden on public health and healthcare systems. Despite its significant medical impact, no licensed vaccines or specific antiviral therapies are currently available. Norovirus vaccine development is complicated by several factors, including the extreme genetic and antigenic diversity. In particular, the predominant genotype GII.4 exhibits a continuous emergence of novel variants that can evade immune responses acquired from previous infections. In this manuscript, we will summarize the characteristics and current knowledge of the B cell responses elicited by conserved and variable GII.4 epitopes and discuss how these findings inform our understanding of responses to other pandemic norovirus genotypes. We also highlight how ongoing research in this area may provide critical insights for the development of broadly protective norovirus vaccines.

Indexed as

Caliciviridae InfectionsEpitopes, B-LymphocyteNorovirusAntigenic VariationGastroenteritisGenotypeHumansViral VaccinesEpitopes, B-LymphocyteViral Vaccinesantigenic variationcalicivirusgastrointestinal infectionnorovirusesvaccines

Identifiers

PMID41528130
PMCPMC12911863

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.