ArticleInjury epidemiology2026
Exploring hazing experiences and perceived physical and mental health outcomes in the United States military through a cross-sectional study.
Article in Injury epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHazing-defined as an act that is required to gain entry into a group and humiliates, degrades, abuses, endangers, or otherwise embarrasses an individual, irrespective of willingness of the person-is a persistent problem in the United States (US) military, and can manifest in physical and emotional harm, and in extreme circumstances, death. However, the presentation of hazing, including the exact experiences and resulting outcomes is scarcely studied, leaving a gap in understanding and a need to specifically investigate this issue.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted by administering a survey with questions about hazing experiences and outcomes to 227 service members at a military installation in the Southeast United States over 14 months. Frequency of hazing experiences and outcomes were derived. To understand how the large number of variables related to each other, a cluster analysis provided Jaccard measures of similarities amongst experience variables. Logistic regressions were conducted to test the association between the experiences and outcomes of hazing.
resultsA total of 227 service members answered the survey; the final cleaned sample resulted in 202 participants who were primarily active-duty (94.0%), in the Army (95.6%), enlisted rank (E1-E4; 58.5%), male (69.6%), and white (49.4%). Almost one-fifth (19.8%) of the participants endorsed experiencing hazing at the installation, and over a fifth endorsed experiencing hazing in the form of sexual violence (22.4%), being tricked (27.8%), and acting like a servant (22.3%). Hazing experiences were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with greater odds of several types of negative physical (ORs ranging from 2.8 to 15.9) and mental health outcomes (ORs ranging from 4.7 to 68.0) and multiple effects on the organization, such as desire to leave the military (ORs ranging from 2.9 to 34.1), since arriving at the current military location.
conclusionsHazing manifests in various manners and results in harmful consequences for both individuals and the organization. The present study provides an understanding of hazing through descriptive epidemiology, which can help both leaders and practitioners address the issue.
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