ArticleItalian journal of pediatrics2026
Clinical impact of targeted next-generation sequencing in paediatric pneumonia management: a real-world study evaluating diagnostic concordance and antimicrobial stewardship across multiple specimen types.
Article in Italian journal of pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to evaluate the clinical utility of targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) in a real-world paediatric pneumonia cohort.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of 586 children hospitalised with pneumonia who underwent tNGS testing alongside conventional microbiological methods. The study evaluated diagnostic concordance between tNGS and composite reference standards, assessed the impact on antimicrobial therapy changes within 48 h and identified predictors of tNGS-guided therapy modifications. Statistical analyses included McNemar’s test for paired comparisons, Cohen’s kappa for concordance and multivariable logistic regression for predictors of therapy change.
resultsAmong the 586 patients (median age 5.0 years, 48.5% girls), tNGS showed a significantly higher positivity rate of 96.9% compared with 45.2% for polymerase chain reaction (PCR; 13 respiratory pathogens panel), 38.1% for culture, 15.4% for antigen testing (influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and 25.3% for serology (all P < 0.001). The diagnostic concordance between tNGS and composite reference standards showed high positive percent agreement (97.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 95.7%–98.5%) but low negative percent agreement (6.0%, 95% CI 2.0%–13.5%), with poor overall concordance (κ = 0.05, 95% CI 0.01–0.09). Targeted NGS results led to antimicrobial therapy changes in 30.2% of patients (95% CI 26.5%–33.9%), with 61 escalations, 72 de-escalations and 44 class switches. Age was the only significant predictor of therapy change (adjusted odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.08–1.20, P < 0.001). Specimen-type analysis revealed the highest culture positivity in bronchoalveolar lavage (56.7%) and the highest PCR positivity in sputum (69.2%).
conclusionsTargeted NGS showed higher pathogen detection rates than conventional methods and influenced antimicrobial management in nearly one-third of paediatric pneumonia cases. The predominance of de-escalation suggests potential for antimicrobial stewardship. However, the low negative percent agreement indicates that tNGS may detect clinically insignificant organisms.
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