ArticleBMC oral health2026
Impact of smoking and periodontitis on salivary IL-39, IL-41, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels: a cross-sectional analysis.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06528522 (Impact of Smoking on Salivary Inflammatory Cytokines), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of Smoking on Salivary Inflammatory Cytokines (Interleukin (IL)-39, IL-41, IL-1β, TNF-α) in Periodontal Disease
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Periodontal Indices and Cytokines of Ex-Smokers/Non-Smokers After Bleaching.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- A comparative study of salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease among smokers and non-smokers.Bioinformation · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigated the effects of periodontitis and smoking on salivary interleukin (IL)-39, IL-41, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. IL-39 and IL-41 are recently identified cytokines whose roles in periodontal inflammation remain largely unexplored. Clarifying their salivary profiles may provide new, non-invasive biomarkers for disease activity and tobacco-related modulation of the host immune response.
methods88 participants were classified into four groups based on periodontal and smoking status. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and analyzed for IL-39, IL-41, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels using ELISA. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, correlations between salivary cytokine levels and clinical parameters were assessed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate diagnostic accuracy.
resultsPeriodontitis patients exhibited significantly higher salivary IL-39, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels compared with periodontally healthy individuals (p < 0.001), whereas IL-41 showed no significant differences among groups. IL-39 and TNF-α demonstrated the strongest correlations with clinical periodontal parameters. ROC analysis revealed that IL-39 had the highest diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing periodontitis from health in both smokers (AUC = 0.861) and non-smokers (AUC = 0.808), while the diagnostic capacity of IL-1β was impaired in smokers.
conclusionsSalivary IL-39 and TNF-α emerged as the most reliable biomarkers for distinguishing periodontitis from health, whereas IL-1β showed reduced diagnostic accuracy in smokers and IL-41 provided limited utility. These findings indicate that smoking primarily modulates the diagnostic performance rather than the absolute levels of salivary cytokines.
trial registrationThe current study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06528522) on July 12, 2024.
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