Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41527053›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026

Indirect benefits of seasonal malaria chemoprevention for non-malarial pediatric infections and routine antibiotic use in real-world programmatic settings: a pre-post study using positive and negative controls.

Elisabeth A Gebreegziabher, Mamadou Ouattara, Mamadou Bountogo, Boubacar Coulibaly, Valentin Boudo, Thierry Ouedraogo, Elodie Lebas, Huiyu Hu, Kieran S O'Brien, Michelle S Hsiang and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Elisabeth A GebreegziabherFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. amareelisabeth@gmail.com.
Mamadou OuattaraCentre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Mamadou BountogoCentre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Boubacar CoulibalyCentre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Valentin BoudoCentre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Thierry OuedraogoCentre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Elodie LebasFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Huiyu HuFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Kieran S O'BrienFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Michelle S HsiangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
David V GliddenDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Benjamin F ArnoldFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Thomas M LietmanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
Ali SiéCentre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso.
Catherine E OldenburgFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. catherine.oldenburg@ucsf.edu.

Funding

Evaluating the causal effects of anti-malarial chemoprevention in pregnancy and childhood on growth outcomesF31AI179107 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Anna Thuy Nhu Nguyen · 2024 to 2026
$142k
Heterogeneity of the effect of Azithromycin on morbidity and mortality among children in Burkina FasoF31HD114434 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GEBREEGZIABHER, ELISABETH A · 2024 to 2024
$43k
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1187628National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development 1F31HD114434-01A1NIAID NIH HHS F31 AI179107NICHD NIH HHS F31 HD114434
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess the benefits of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC)—the monthly administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine—beyond malaria prevention in real-world program settings.

methodsWe conducted a pre-post comparison of non-malarial diagnoses (pneumonia, diarrhea, acute malnutrition) and antibiotic prescription rates during SMC administration weeks versus a three-week post-intervention period in rural Burkina Faso. Data was obtained from clinic surveillance at 51 health facilities, a population-based census, and National Malaria Control Program data on SMC timing. Poisson regression models with person-weeks as an offset and standard errors clustered by health post estimated changes in rates. Interaction terms assessed variation across SMC cycles. Positive (malaria diagnoses, antimalarial prescriptions) and negative (injury) control outcomes were used to evaluate potential unmeasured confounding.

resultsCompared to administration weeks, modest declines were observed in pneumonia, diarrhea, and acute malnutrition diagnoses, as well as in antibiotic prescription rates during the post-SMC period. Absolute reductions were 0.7 (95% CI: 0.3–1.0), 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1–0.4), 0.05 (95% CI: 0.001–0.09), and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.4–1.4) per 1,000 person-weeks, respectively (corresponding IRRs: 0.86, 0.83, 0.71, and 0.88). Positive control outcomes also declined, with malaria diagnoses and antimalarial prescriptions decreasing by 3.7 (95% CI: 2.6–4.8) and 3.6 (95% CI: 2.5–4.7) per 1,000 person-weeks (IRRs: 0.62 and 0.63). Injury rates (negative control) remained stable (0.02; 95% CI: −0.03 to 0.07). Reductions varied across SMC cycles and were most pronounced following the final round.

conclusionSMC may have additional benefits beyond malaria prevention, including reductions in common pediatric infections and subsequent routine antibiotic use. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsAntimalarialsChemopreventionMalariaAmodiaquineBurkina FasoChildChild, PreschoolDiarrheaDrug CombinationsFemaleHumansInfantMalePneumoniaPyrimethamineAmodiaquineAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntimalarialsDrug Combinationsfanasil, pyrimethamine drug combinationPyrimethamineSulfadoxineChild healthNon-malarial infections, antibiotic useReal-world intervention evaluationSeasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC)

Identifiers

PMID41527053
PMCPMC12888588

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.