Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41526931›Full record

ArticleCost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E2026

Out-of-pocket expenditure in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury: a two center cohort study, a preliminary report.

Harshit Arora, Sanket Patil, Pranav Bhatia, Monty Khajanchi, Bhakti Sarang, Priyansh Nathani, Rohini Dutta, Shilpa Khanna, Lovenish Bains, Niyara Seit-Yagyayeva and 9 more

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Article in Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Harshit Arora *WHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Sanket Patil *Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, India.
Pranav BhatiaSeth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, India.
Monty KhajanchiWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Bhakti SarangWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Priyansh NathaniWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Rohini DuttaYale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
Shilpa KhannaSangwari - People's Association for Equity and Health, Surguja, India.
Lovenish BainsWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Niyara Seit-YagyayevaDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA.
Priti PatilWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Anurag MishraWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Riya SawhneyProgram in Global Surgery and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Monali MohanDepartment of General Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi, India.
Deepa Veetil KizhakkeWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Udit ChoubeyDepartment of General Surgery, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, India.
Anita GadgilWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India.
Nobhojit RoyWHO Collaboration Center for Emergency Critical and Operative Care, Program for Global Surgery and Trauma, The George Institute of Global Health, New Delhi, India. nobhojit.roy@ki.se.
IndSurg Collaborative

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTraumatic brain injuries (TBI) account for 30–40% of global injury mortality. In India, high out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE; 58.7% of total health costs) exacerbates catastrophic health expenditures (CHE). This study estimates OOPE, along with the risk of CHE and distress financing, in patients with isolated TBI.

methodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study across two centers, enrolling patients with isolated TBI over one month. Direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect (wage loss) costs were recorded using medical diaries. 3 months post discharge rehabilitation expenses were recorded.

resultsEighteen participants (mean age: 43 years, eleven males) were included; four had health insurance, and seven were primary earners. The mean OOPE was INR 88,485 comprising INR 58,319 in direct and INR 30,166 in indirect costs. CHE was observed in fifteen participants and distress financing in eleven participants.

conclusionDespite subsidized care, the substantial OOPE for isolated TBI underscores the financial burden, and the imperative for equitable, sustainable healthcare policies.

Indexed as

Catastrophic health expenditureDistress financingInsuranceLow- and middle- income countriesOut-of-pocket expenditureTraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID41526931
PMCPMC12849665

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.