Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41526592›Full record

ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026

First-in-line 3D-printed intravaginal ring for nonhormonal contraception.

Sarah Anne Howard, Maimoona S Bhutta, Rima Janusziewicz, Andrés Prieto Trujillo, Ava L Cohen, Gustavo F Doncel, S Rahima Benhabbour

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sarah Anne HowardDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Maimoona S BhuttaCONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
Rima JanusziewiczLampe Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Andrés Prieto TrujilloDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Ava L CohenLampe Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Gustavo F DoncelCONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
S Rahima BenhabbourDivision of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. benhabs@email.unc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4738-5871

Funding

Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases R01AI150358Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases R61AI136002
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With nearly half of all pregnancies occurring unintended, effective and acceptable contraceptive options remain a global necessity. Though contraceptives with extended durations of action reduce the need for strict daily adherence, thus enhancing compliance and reliability, only one of these methods - the copper intrauterine device (IUD) - prevents pregnancy without administering exogenous hormones. Herein, we demonstrate co-delivery of two nonhormonal contraceptive agents, lactic acid (LA) and glycerol monolaurate (GML), using a next-generation 3D-printed intravaginal ring (IVR). Through alterations in ring properties and drug loading, a range of LA and GML release rates were achieved in vitro, demonstrating the flexibility of the platform technology. Rings elicited sustained release of LA and GML at target release rates over 30 days or longer. Additionally, these studies explored how drugs with different physiochemical properties interact within the IVR matrix and further elucidated IVR drug loading and release mechanisms.

Indexed as

Contraceptive Devices, FemaleLactic AcidLauratesPrinting, Three-DimensionalAdministration, IntravaginalDrug LiberationFemaleHumansMonoglyceridesLactic AcidLauratesMonoglyceridesmonolaurin3D printed IVRLong-acting deliveryNonhormonal contraceptionSpermicidal activitySperm motility

Identifiers

PMID41526592

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.