Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41526528›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2026

Efficacy of Inhalable Endolysin Cpl-1 Formulations in Combination with Gentamicin or Endolysin Pal in a Murine Lung Infection Model.

Yuncheng Wang, Maxwell T Stevens, Trixie Wang, Adit B Alreja, Daniel C Nelson, Warwick J Britton, Hak-Kim Chan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yuncheng WangAdvanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Maxwell T StevensCentre of Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Trixie WangCentre of Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Adit B AlrejaInstitute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA.
Daniel C NelsonInstitute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA.
Warwick J BrittonCentre of Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Hak-Kim ChanAdvanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. kim.chan@sydney.edu.au.

Funding

Endolysins as tools to eradicate pneumococcal biofilms and development ofprotective immunityR01AI168313 · NIAID · UNIV OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK · PI Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe · 2023 to 2026
$3.5M
National Health and Medical Research Council grant APP1153493National Institutes of Health (USA) award R01AI168313NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI168313
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeInhalable liquid formulation of endolysins represents a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. Dry powder formulations offer improved stability for endolysin pulmonary delivery. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an inhalable dry powder or liquid formulation of endolysin Cpl-1 alone and to compare it with liquid combinations of Cpl-1 with either gentamicin or endolysin Pal in a murine model of S. pneumoniae lung infection.

methodsA dry powder formulation of Cpl-1 was produced via spray drying, while liquid formulations were prepared by dissolving Cpl-1, or in combination with gentamicin or endolysin Pal in liquid. The droplet size distribution of aerosolized formulations was also characterized. Mice were intratracheally infected with S. pneumoniae and treated with either powder or liquid formulations. The bacterial load in respiratory system was assessed 26 h post-infection. The stability and activity of Cpl-1 in BALF were also evaluated ex vivo.

resultsA single dose of Cpl-1 powder formulation or Cpl-1 liquid formulation (40 µg/mouse) reduced pulmonary bacterial load by approximately 1 log

conclusionThis proof-of-principle study demonstrated that inhalable endolysin liquid and powder formulations could potentially be used to treat bacterial lung infections. Moreover, the combination of multiple endolysins could increase antimicrobial activity over endolysin monotherapy.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsEndopeptidasesGentamicinsAdministration, InhalationAerosolsAnimalsBacterial LoadChemistry, PharmaceuticalDisease Models, AnimalDrug Therapy, CombinationDry Powder InhalersFemaleLungMiceParticle SizePowdersAerosolsAnti-Bacterial AgentsendolysinEndopeptidasesGentamicinsPowdersendolysin Cpl-1 and Palgentamicininhalable formulationlung infectionStreptococcus pneumoniae

Identifiers

PMID41526528
PMCPMC12913295

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.