Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41526444›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Immunoinformatics-based design and evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine against Vibrio fluvialis.

Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Husnain, Tariq Aziz, Parveen Qadir, Muhammad Asim, Muhammad Nouman Majeed, Abeer S Aloufi, Ashwag Shami, Maher S Alwethynani, Nantenaina Tombozara

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Muhammad NaveedDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. naveed.quaidian@gmail.com.
Muhammad HusnainDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Tariq AzizLaboratory of Animal Health, Hygiene and Food Quality, University of Ioannina Arta 47132, Ioannina, Greece.
Parveen QadirDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Muhammad AsimDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Muhammad Nouman MajeedDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abeer S AloufiDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ashwag ShamiDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Maher S AlwethynaniDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Nantenaina TombozaraInstitut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Fondation Albert et Suzanne Rakoto-Ratsimamanga, PO Box 3833, Avarabohitra Itaosy, Antananarivo, Madagascar. nzara89@gmail.com.

Funding

Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University PNURSP2026R357
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen causing gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections, representing a significant public health concern due to rising antimicrobial resistance and the absence of an approved vaccine. This study aimed to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against V. fluvialis using immunoinformatics and a standard multi-epitope vaccine design pipeline. Two surface-exposed immunogenic membrane proteins, ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FtsH and lytic murein transglycosylase F, were selected as antigenic targets. Ten epitopes, including four MHC class I, four MHC class II, and two B-cell epitopes, were predicted and assembled into a 246 amino acid vaccine construct. The construct showed an antigenicity score of 0.8610. Population coverage analysis indicated that these epitopes could potentially cover 99.97% of the global population. The vaccine exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, with an instability index of 33.18 and a GRAVY score of - 0.282, suggesting stability and hydrophilicity. The tertiary structure was modeled using AlphaFold3 and docked with Toll-like receptor 2, yielding a docking score of - 270.01. Molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns suggested stability of the vaccine-TLR2 complex. Codon optimization indicated high expression potential in Escherichia coli, with a CAI value of 0.95. Overall, the vaccine showed strong in silico immunogenic potential and requires further experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.

Indexed as

Bacterial VaccinesEpitopesEpitopes, B-LymphocyteVibrioVibrio InfectionsHumansImmunoinformaticsMolecular Docking SimulationMolecular Dynamics SimulationProtein Subunit VaccinesVaccines, SubunitBacterial VaccinesEpitopesEpitopes, B-LymphocyteProtein Subunit VaccinesVaccines, SubunitAlphaFold3Immune simulationImmunoinformaticsMolecular dockingMulti-epitope vaccineTLR2 receptorVibrio fluvialis

Identifiers

PMID41526444
PMCPMC12855877

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.