ArticleTissue engineering and regenerative medicine2026
High-Concentration Type I Atelocollagen Enhances Early Cartilage Regeneration: An In Vivo Comparative Study.
Article in Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundType I atelocollagen is used to treat full-thickness chondral lesions. However, evidence on the concentration-dependent effects of atelocollagen-based scaffolds on chondrogenesis is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo chondrogenic potentials of low-, intermediate-, and high-concentration atelocollagen-based scaffolds in a rabbit model of osteochondral defects.
methodsHuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in 3%, 6%, and 9% type I collagen gels to assess cell viability and chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. In vivo, full-thickness osteochondral defects (4 × 4 mm) were created in 24 rabbits and treated as follows: Group 1 (microfracture only), Group 2 (microfracture + 3% atelocollagen), Group 3 (microfracture + 6%), and Group 4 (microfracture + 9%). The animals were euthanized at 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Macroscopic and histological outcomes were evaluated using gross morphological assessment and modified O'Driscoll scores.
resultsAt 8 weeks postoperatively, Group 4 (7.17 ± 0.76) exhibited significantly higher macroscopic scores than Group 2 (3.83 ± 0.29, p < 0.001) and Group 3 (4.50 ± 0.50, p < 0.001), indicating near-complete defect filling and smooth surface restoration. At 12 weeks, Groups 2 (7.33 ± 0.58), 3 (7.50 ± 0.87), and 4 (8.00 ± 0.00) all demonstrated significantly higher macroscopic scores than Group 1 (0.17 ± 0.12, p < 0.001 for all). Histologically, all atelocollagen-treated groups (Group 2:20.77 ± 1.55; Group 3:23.5 ± 1.00; Group 4:23.67 ± 1.44) exhibited significantly higher scores than Group 1 (1.67 ± 0.29, p < 0.001), with Group 4 achieving the highest overall.
conclusionHigh-concentration atelocollagen-based scaffolds significantly enhanced both the efficiency and quality of cartilage regeneration by providing mechanical support and a favorable microenvironment for chondrogenesis.
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