ArticleCureus2026
Sight Unseen: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonism Therapy and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Therapeutic potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic neuropathy: a critical appraisal.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Beyond Glycemic Control: Ocular Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is one of the most common causes of blindness among adults. Numerous risk factors have been noted (such as systemic diseases and medications); however, the underlying pathophysiology has yet to be elucidated. In recent years, however, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have emerged as a cause of NAION, albeit evidence is mixed. As a result, the primary objective of this study is to further analyze the risk of NAION over a five-year period in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists. Methods We utilized TriNetX Global Collaborative Network to perform a retrospective cohort analysis, using de-identified patient data. Patients were divided into two cohorts (cohort A: type 2 diabetes mellitus with GLP-1 treatment; cohort B: type 2 diabetes mellitus without exposure to GLP-1). One-to-one propensity-score matching was employed for n = 20 covariates. We employed a measure of association, calculating risk difference, risk ratio, and 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, those with the outcome of interest (NAION) prior to the index event were excluded from analysis. Results After propensity-score matching, we arrived at n = 388,333 per cohort (n = 776,666 total). Over a five-year period, cohort A demonstrated a statistically significant increased risk of NAION (risk difference 0.022%, 95% CI 0.01%-0.034%; risk ratio 1.339, 95% CI 1.137-1.577, p = 0.005). Additionally, E-value sensitivity analysis confirmed a moderately robust association. Conclusion Whilst of statistical significance, the implicated clinical significance is less concrete, due to a well-established strong benefit-to-risk ratio with the therapeutic class. The exact mechanism of NAION in relation to GLP-1 therapy remains unknown. Further prospective studies are required to evaluate such findings and adjust existing guidelines as appropriate.
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