Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41521660›Full record

ArticleNucleic acids research2026

Foliar-applied double-stranded RNA is mobile, transfers to plant pathogens, and triggers RNAi.

Christopher A Brosnan, Stephen J Fletcher, Anne Sawyer, Felipe F de Felippes, Bernard J Carroll, Peter M Waterhouse, Neena Mitter, Donald M Gardiner

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nucleic acids research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  6. Targeted Suppression of the Tomato PathogenJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Christopher A BrosnanQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-6589-985X
Stephen J FletcherQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-7905-9325
Anne SawyerQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Felipe F de FelippesCentre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
Bernard J CarrollSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Peter M WaterhouseCentre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
Neena MitterQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
Donald M GardinerQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.

Funding

Advance Queensland Industry Research FellowshipAustralian Research Council Translational Research Hub IH190100022Genome Innovation Hub (UQ)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Foliar application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as RNA interference (RNAi)-based biopesticides represents a sustainable alternative to chemical-based crop protection strategies. A key feature of RNAi in plants is its ability to act non-cell autonomously, a process that plays a critical role in plant development and protection against pathogens. Whether RNAi induced by foliar dsRNA application acts non-cell autonomously remains debated, with the mechanisms and implications of this movement largely unexplored. We show that upon foliar application, dsRNA enters the leaf vasculature and moves to vegetative, reproductive, and belowground tissues in multiple plant species. Unprocessed mobile dsRNA was detected in the apoplast, being maintained in new growth, indicating apoplastic rather than symplastic transport. Mobile dsRNA could transfer to infecting fungi, where it was processed and loaded by the fungal RNAi machinery to elicit gene silencing. Using a novel biochemical purification technique and small RNA sequencing, we detected functional small interfering RNA species derived from foliar-applied dsRNA that elicit effective silencing in both the applied and distal tissue types. Our mechanistic dissection of the uptake and movement of dsRNA provides crucial insights into the mode of action of RNAi biopesticides and stands to add significant benefit to this emerging field of plant protection.

Indexed as

Plant DiseasesRNA, Double-StrandedRNA InterferencePlant LeavesRNA, Small InterferingRNA, Double-StrandedRNA, Small Interfering

Identifiers

PMID41521660
PMCPMC12784973

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.