Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41521361›Full record

ReviewPediatric surgery international2026

Antibiotic prophylaxis in pediatric surgery: when more is not better-or safer.

Philip K W Hong, Rachel Raymond, Cristina Crippen, Jeff Satine, Dan Neal, Tyler J Loftus, Benjamin N Jacobs, Faraz A Khan, Gilbert R Upchurch, Debbie-Ann Shirley and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Review in Pediatric surgery international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Philip K W HongDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Rachel RaymondUF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Cristina CrippenDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Jeff SatineUF Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Dan NealDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Tyler J LoftusDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Benjamin N JacobsDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Faraz A KhanDivision of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Gilbert R UpchurchDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Debbie-Ann ShirleyDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Steven L RaymondDepartment of Surgery, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, USA. steven.raymond@surgery.ufl.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeAntibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. While surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) reduces surgical site infections (SSIs), inappropriate use may cause harm. This study evaluates the impact of SAP appropriateness and compares beta-lactam versus non-beta-lactam antibiotic use in pediatric surgery.

methodsA retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using ACS NSQIP Pediatric data (2021-2023). Exclusions included preexisting infections, malignancy, immunodeficiencies, and emergent surgeries. SAP appropriateness was classified according to NSQIP guidelines. Logistic regression assessed association between SAP categories and postoperative infections, presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

resultsOf 189,111 patients, 87.5% received SAP, 10.2% were overtreated, and 3.9% undertreated. SSIs occurred in 1.9%. Compared to appropriate use, undertreatment was associated with higher odds of SSI (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.7), sepsis (1.6; 1.1-2.2), C. difficile colitis (2.5; 1.2-5.5), and UTI (1.8; 1.2-2.5). Overtreatment was linked to lower odds of UTI (0.7; 0.5-0.8). Non-beta-lactam antibiotics had higher odds of pneumonia (1.4; 1.0-2.0; p = 0.047) compared to beta-lactam antibiotics.

conclusionAppropriate SAP is crucial in minimizing postoperative infections. These results underscore the importance of antibiotic selection among pediatric surgical patients.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsAntibiotic ProphylaxisSurgical Wound InfectionAdolescentbeta Lactam AntibioticsChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleRetrospective StudiesAnti-Bacterial Agentsbeta Lactam AntibioticsInfectionPostoperative infectionsStewardshipSurgerySurgical site infections

Identifiers

PMID41521361

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.