Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41521317›Full record

ArticleScandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine2026

A European paramedic curriculum for geriatric emergency medicine developed via a modified Delphi technique.

Jan-Niklas Krohn, Jack Barrett, Pieter Heeren, Stephen Lim, Elizabeth Moloney, Christian H Nickel, James van Oppen, Nicolai Sandig, Luca Ünlü, Katrin Singler

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Article in Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jan-Niklas KrohnDepartment of Geriatrics, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Prof. Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany. jan-niklas.krohn@klinikum-nuernberg.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-4457-2978
Jack BarrettSouth East Coast Ambulance Service NHS FT, Crawley, England, UK.
Pieter HeerenFaculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Stephen LimNational Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, Academic Geriatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Elizabeth MoloneyDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, Mercy University Hospital, Cork City, T12 WE28, Ireland.
Christian H NickelDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 2, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
James van OppenCentre for Urgent and Emergency Care, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK.
Nicolai SandigAGNF, Institute for Emergency Medical Education, Deutenbacher Str. 1, 90547, Stein, Germany.
Luca ÜnlüDepartment of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 2, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
Katrin SinglerDepartment of Geriatrics, Klinikum Fürth, Fürth, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOlder emergency patients currently account for most European emergency medical service dispatches. Due to demographic changes and increasing comorbidities in advanced age, this number is expected to rise substantially in the coming years. Prehospital professionals require specialised training to provide high-quality care for complex, multimorbid patients. The aim of this study is to define minimum competencies for paramedic education in Europe on the management of emergencies in older adults.

methodsA modified electronic Delphi study was performed from January 2023 to November 2024, comprising two appraisal rounds. A narrative literature review was conducted to identify relevant topics and domains in prehospital geriatric emergency medicine, providing the foundation for an interprofessional core group to establish 58 initial learning objectives. Learning objectives were assigned to competence levels based on a revised Bloom's Taxonomy.

resultsIn Round 1, 45 of 58 competence-based learning objectives were accepted (77.6%) with average agreement 83.2% [range: 70.8-93.9%]. 13 declined learning objectives were revised, including merging and splitting of learning objectives, adjusting competence levels, and grouping domains. In Round 2, all 12 adapted learning objectives were accepted with average agreement 87.1% [range: 75-100%]. The final curriculum has 57 learning objectives in 12 domains. This consensus was achieved with contributions from Delphi panellists across 27 European countries. The domains include: risk stratification; indicators of serious health problems; altered mental status; clinical assessment; falls; trauma; medication; communication; medical history; frailty; palliative and end-of-life care; positioning and transport; and social, psychological and legal aspects.

conclusionsThis European curriculum for prehospital geriatric emergency medicine represents a first step towards systematically integrating these geriatric-specific competencies into paramedic education. It can further serve as a foundation for standardised training programs aimed at addressing the complex needs of older emergency patients.

Indexed as

Clinical CompetenceCurriculumEmergency Medical ServicesEmergency MedicineGeriatricsDelphi TechniqueEuropeFemaleHumansMaleParamedicineParamedicsCompetence-based educationCurriculum developmentDelphi techniqueEmergency medicineEuropeGeriatricsLearning objectiveOlder adultsParamedic educationPrehospital care

Identifiers

PMID41521317
PMCPMC12849588

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.