Human health implications of metal pollution in the Betwa-Yamuna river system, India: evidence from Monte Carlo risk modelling.

K Prasanna, M S Amal, Kagiso S More, Ravi Rangarajan, Anupam Sharma, Ashwani Kumar Tiwari

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

K PrasannaBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, U.P., 226007, India. prasanna@bsip.res.in.

M S AmalBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, U.P., 226007, India.

Kagiso S MoreCentre for Excellence in Food Security and Sustainability, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar.

Ravi RangarajanCentre for Excellence in Food Security and Sustainability, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar.

Anupam SharmaBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow, U.P., 226007, India.

Ashwani Kumar TiwariSchool of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study evaluates water quality and human health risks at the Betwa-Yamuna confluence in Hamirpur District, India, using monthly data collected from June 2023 to May 2024. Physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, temperature) and trace metals (As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn) were assessed against WHO and USEPA standards. Arsenic ranged from 0.001-0.011 mg/L and exceeded the WHO limit (0.01 mg/L) in several samples, while Pb (0.0004-0.012 mg/L) occasionally exceeded its guideline. EC exceeded 1200 µS/cm and TDS surpassed 500 mg/L during pre-monsoon months, indicating strong solute enrichment under low-flow conditions. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed median HQ values for arsenic of 0.98 for children and 0.42 for adults, with 95th percentiles reaching 2.28 and 0.97, respectively. Children's HI values exceeded 1.0 in all seasons and surpassed 2.0 during pre-monsoon. Carcinogenic risk for arsenic exceeded the USEPA threshold (1 × 10⁻

Indexed as

MetalsRiversWater Pollutants, ChemicalArsenicEnvironmental MonitoringHumansIndiaMonte Carlo MethodRisk AssessmentWater QualityArsenicMetalsWater Pollutants, ChemicalCarcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risksDrinking water safetyHazard indexMonte Carlo simulationWHO/USEPA standards

Identifiers

PMID41521214

DOI10.1038/s41598-025-34780-z

PMCPMC12877021

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.