Rapid wavefront shaping using an optical gradient acquisition.

Wavefront shaping systems enable deep tissue imaging by correcting scattering aberrations, but estimating optimal modulation correction is challenging, since it depends on the unknown tissue structures. Most current methods use slow coordinate descent algorithms, which sequentially scan all modulation parameters and query them independently, thus their complexity scales prohibitively with the number of parameters. We introduce a rapid wavefront shaping system, replacing coordinate descent with gradient descent optimization. To this end, our system acquires a gradient vector, which allows simultaneous update of all modulation parameters. We start with a non-invasive, guide-star-free score function to assess modulation quality and analytically derive its gradient with respect to all modulation parameters. Although the gradient depends on unknown tissue structure, we show it can be inferred from optical measurements. This enables fast, high-resolution wavefront correction with complexity independent of parameter count. We demonstrate the system's effectiveness in correcting aberrations in a coherent confocal microscope.