Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41519688›Full record

Observational studyBMC public health2026

Barriers to preventive care among US adults of multiple races eligible for type 2 diabetes screening: an observational study.

Alain K Koyama, Stephen Onufrak, Kai McKeever Bullard, Fang Xu, Michelle Papali'i, Yoshihisa Miyamoto, Ryan Saelee, Meda E Pavkov

Abstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Alain K KoyamaDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA. akoyama@cdc.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-2937
Stephen OnufrakDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.
Kai McKeever BullardDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.
Fang XuDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.
Michelle Papali'iDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.
Yoshihisa MiyamotoDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.
Ryan SaeleeDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.
Meda E PavkovDivision of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS-S107-3, Atlanta, GA, 30341-3724, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLittle is known about disparities in access to preventive care among people of multiple races, who are often aggregated into a single category, despite comprising a heterogeneous population. We therefore described the prevalence of barriers to preventive care for type 2 diabetes among US adults, by disaggregated subgroups of multiple races.

methodsIn a pooled cross-sectional study of adults eligible for type 2 diabetes screening from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2013–2022), we evaluated the prevalence of: being uninsured, not having a primary care doctor, healthcare cost concerns in the past 12 months, and not having a physical exam in the past 12 months.

resultsAmong 3,301,491 adults eligible for type 2 diabetes screening, mean age was 52.2 years and 52.3% were women. The prevalence of barriers to preventive care showed substantial heterogeneity among all racial and ethnic groups. Prevalence among multiple race subgroups generally fell in between estimates of their corresponding single race groups. Adults reporting both American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White race had a higher prevalence of healthcare cost concerns than adults who reported either racial group alone (AIAN and White: 17.8%, 95% confidence interval: [17.0-18.7%]; AIAN: 15.7% [15.0-16.4%]; White: 9.8% [9.7–9.8%]). The opposite pattern was observed among adults who reported both Asian and Pacific Islander race (Asian and Pacific Islander: 6.0% [5.0-7.2%]; Asian: 7.7% [7.3–8.1%]; Pacific Islander: 12.5% [11.4–13.7%]). This latter pattern was also observed for being uninsured among adults who reported both Pacific Islander and White race (Pacific Islander and White: 6.6% [4.9–8.7%]; Pacific Islander: 13.2% [11.9–14.7%]; White: 8.1% [8.0-8.2%]), and those who reported both Asian and White race (Asian and White: 5.2% [4.2–6.5%]; Asian: 6.9% [6.5–7.3%]; White: 8.1% [8.0-8.2%]).

conclusionsThese findings highlight the heterogeneity in preventive care barriers among subgroups of adults of multiple races. Identification of the subgroups at greatest risk may allow for effective and tailored interventions to increase access to preventive care for type 2 diabetes.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Healthcare DisparitiesHealth Services AccessibilityMass ScreeningPreventive Health ServicesRacial GroupsAccess to Primary CareAdultAgedBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedUnited StatesDiabetesEpidemiologyHealth careHealth disparitiesMultiple race

Identifiers

PMID41519688
PMCPMC12882277

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.