ArticleDiscover mental health2026
Cross-sectional associations between CES-D scores and the salivary metabolome in nonclinical adults.
Article in Discover mental health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDepression represents a major global disease burden. While the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is widely used, it relies on subjective self-reporting. Saliva enables non-invasive metabolite analysis, but existing metabolomics studies have focused on clinical depression using blood or urine, with limited investigation of salivary metabolites in community populations. This study investigated associations between CES-D scores and salivary metabolite concentrations in Tokyo residents.
methodsThis cross-sectional study collected CES-D responses and morning saliva samples from Tokyo residents. Salivary metabolites were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses included permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) for overall metabolite-CES-D associations, pathway enrichment analysis using fast gene set enrichment analysis (FGSEA), and principal component analysis, adjusted for age and sex.
resultsAnalysis included 107 participants (40 males, 67 females; mean age 55.3 ± 14.2 years). PERMANOVA revealed significant association between 112 salivary metabolites and CES-D scores (F = 2.870, p = 0.003), with metabolites explaining 7.7% of depressive symptom variance. Pathway enrichment analysis identified significant alterations in amino acid metabolism (normalized enrichment score =-1.750, q = 0.007). Glycolysis and amine/polyamine metabolism showed trend-level enrichment (both q = 0.066). Principal component analysis revealed significant correlations between CES-D scores and pathway activity for amino acid metabolism (r = 0.216, p = 0.027) and amine/polyamine metabolism (r = 0.216, p = 0.027).
conclusionThis study demonstrates significant associations between salivary metabolite profiles and depressive symptoms in a nonclinical community population, with amino acid metabolism emerging as the most robustly altered pathway. These findings provide preliminary evidence for associations between salivary metabolomic profiles and depressive symptoms in a nonclinical community population.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.