A TCN-BiLSTM and ANR-IEKF Hybrid Framework for Sustained Vehicle Positioning During GNSS Outages.

The performance of integrated Global Navigation Satellite System and Inertial Navigation System (GNSS/INS) navigation often declines in complex urban environments due to frequent GNSS signal blockages. This poses a significant challenge for autonomous driving applications that require continuous and reliable positioning. To address this limitation, this paper presents a novel hybrid framework that combines a deep learning architecture with an adaptive Kalman Filter. At the core of this framework is a Temporal Convolutional Network and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (TCN-BiLSTM) model, which generates accurate pseudo-GNSS measurements from raw INS data during GNSS outages. These measurements are then fused with the INS data stream using an Adaptive Noise-Regulated Iterated Extended Kalman Filter (ANR-IEKF), which enhances robustness by dynamically estimating and adjusting the process and observation noise statistics in real time. The proposed ANR-IEKF + TCN-BiLSTM framework was validated using a real-world vehicle dataset that encompasses both straight-line and turning scenarios. The results demonstrate its superior performance in positioning accuracy and robustness compared to several baseline models, thereby confirming its effectiveness as a reliable solution for maintaining high-precision navigation in GNSS-denied environments. Validated in 70 s GNSS outage environments, our approach enhances positioning accuracy by over 50% against strong deep learning baselines with errors reduced to roughly 3.4 m.