Wearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring: Hardware Design and Prototype Development.

Anushka N Phadke, Khawlah Harasheh, Satinder Gill

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Anushka N PhadkeDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.

Khawlah HarashehDepartment of Information Systems, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Richmond, VA 23228, USA.

Satinder GillDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9222-8867

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate pain and stress assessment remains a challenge in patients with limited communication ability. Current galvanic skin response (GSR) devices lack real-time feedback, wireless communication, and robustness against motion artifacts, limiting their clinical utility. This paper presents the design and development of a wearable internet-of-things (IoT) enabled GSR system incorporating Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, ergonomic mechanical housing, and artifact-filtering through a custom API. The system integrates finger-mounted electrodes, a custom amplifier and signal processor, an nRF52840 BLE microcontroller, and a rechargeable Li-ion battery in a compact 3D-printed wrist-mounted enclosure. Basic validation with two healthy subjects demonstrated reliable detection of stress-induced GSR fluctuations with reduced movement artifacts. Results indicate the feasibility of the proposed design as a low-cost, wireless, and ergonomic solution for objective pain and stress monitoring.

Indexed as

Galvanic Skin ResponseInternet of ThingsPainWearable Electronic DevicesElectrodesEquipment DesignHumansMonitoring, PhysiologicWireless Technologyadmittance controlassistive technologiesdead reckoninghapticstactile displaysvisually impaired

Identifiers

PMID41516551

DOI10.3390/s26010116

PMCPMC12787351

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.