A Review of Solid-State LiDAR Principles and Metasurface-Based LiDAR Sensors.

Elif Demirbas, Braden Boucher, Matthew Baker, Joshua Andrews, William Cruz, Sara Mueller, Samuel Serna-Otalvaro

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Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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7 authors.

Elif DemirbasDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

Braden BoucherDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

Matthew BakerDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

Joshua AndrewsDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

William CruzDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

Sara MuellerDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

Samuel Serna-OtalvaroDepartment of Physics, Photonics and Optical Engineering, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02324, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) has been a promising solution for autonomous vehicles. For beam-steering mechanisms, solid-state LiDAR with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and optical phased arrays (OPAs) have demonstrated robust and compact alternatives to mechanical LiDAR with 360° rotating mirrors. Two-dimensional optical metasurfaces can be used for phase shift, deflecting the angle in LiDAR. If a LiDAR system only needs a fixed beam direction, then static metasurfaces can be used. If a LiDAR system requires beam scanning, dynamic (tunable) metasurfaces are necessary for efficient and adaptable operation. In this review article, we will discuss the principles of metasurface beam-steering mechanisms and discuss how metasurfaces can shift the incoming light's phase and deflect the angle. LiDAR based on metasurfaces provides promising solutions due to its flat optics feature, robust nature, and non-moving parts. Additionally, we will discuss and compare the field of view (FOV) of LiDAR based on metasurfaces. Tunable metasurfaces in LiDAR systems are crucial for real-time beam scanning, and they have advantages over traditional mechanical scanning mechanisms like faster scanning rates, increased reliability, more compact form factors, and larger fields of view.

Indexed as

beam steeringdeflection anglefield of viewLiDARmetasurface-based LiDARmetasurfacesphase shifttunable metasurfaces

Identifiers

PMID41516436

DOI10.3390/s26010001

PMCPMC12787349

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