ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
EBV Early Lytic Antigens, EBNA2 and PDL-1, in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Brain: A Coordinated Contribution to Viral Immune Evasion.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multiple Sclerosis and Viruses: « Liaisons Dangereuses ».Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection shows the strongest causative association with multiple sclerosis (MS), but its contribution to disease progression and the mechanisms allowing for viral persistence in the MS brain are still elusive. Studies in post-mortem MS brain tissue indicate an ongoing yet ineffective antiviral immune reaction in advanced stages of the disease. EBV has evolved strategies to evade immune recognition and clearance by the host immune system during both the latency and lytic phase of its life cycle. Recent evidence demonstrates that cells expressing EBV latent membrane protein (LMP) 2A exploit the PD-1/PDL1 inhibitory immune checkpoint to escape immune surveillance and maintain a persistent latent infection in the MS brain. This study investigated whether the virus also utilizes this inhibitory mechanism during other phases of the viral life cycle. By using multiple immunostainings on highly inflamed MS brain tissues containing meningeal tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), we analyzed PD-L1 expression on EBV-infected cells expressing EBNA2, five EBV lytic gene products, BZLF1, BHRF1, BMRF1, BALF2, and gp350/220, as well as on follicular dendritic cells within the TLSs. This is the first study describing in secondary progressive MS brain tissue the expression and the cellular and tissue distribution of PD-L1 on EBV-infected cells being in different stages of the viral life cycle, and confirms the meningeal TLSs as immune-permissive habitats favoring the maintenance of an intracerebral EBV reservoir.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.