ArticleParasites & vectors2026
Aedes albopictus gut symbiotic bacterium Bacillus cereus improves its deltamethrin resistance.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAedes albopictus is a highly invasive vector for a variety of pathogens. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus populations worldwide, compromising disease vector control efforts. We investigated whether the mosquito gut symbiotic bacterium Bacillus cereus reduces deltamethrin susceptibility in Ae. albopictus and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.
methodsWorld Health Organization (WHO) standard tube bioassays were conducted to assess deltamethrin resistance status in both laboratory and field Ae. albopictus populations before and after oral infection with Bacillus cereus_HL4.2 (B. cereus_HL4.2). We measured enzymatic activities of three major detoxification enzyme families (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases [GSTs], and carboxylesterases) as metabolic markers. Transcriptomic profiling via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified genes differentially expressed upon B. cereus infection, with subsequent validation by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. In vitro assays assessed the direct deltamethrin-degrading capacity of B. cereus_HL4.2, and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled bacterial strains tracked bacterial persistence and transmission through mosquito developmental stages.
resultsOral infection with B. cereus_HL4.2 significantly increased the survival rate of laboratory-susceptible Ae. albopictus after deltamethrin exposure (from 7.6 ± 2.0% to 31.3 ± 4.3%) upon lethal insecticide exposure. B. cereus_HL4.2 infection elevated detoxification enzyme activities: cytochrome P450s increased 1.39-fold and GSTs increased 1.21-fold. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of genes related to the cAMP signaling pathway and purine metabolism following B. cereus_HL4.2 infection, while genes associated with ABC transporter and sensory signaling pathways were primarily downregulated. In vitro studies demonstrated that B. cereus_HL4.2 possesses direct deltamethrin-degrading capacity. GFP-tracking confirmed that B. cereus_HL4.2 colonizes the mosquito gut during larval development and persists through adult emergence.
conclusionsBacillus cereus_HL4.2 infection reduces deltamethrin susceptibility in Ae. albopictus primarily through two complementary mechanisms: (i) metabolic upregulation of detoxification enzymes and related genes, and (ii) direct enzymatic degradation of deltamethrin. Genetically modifying B. cereus_HL4.2 may offer a potential strategy for managing insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.