ArticleHormones (Athens, Greece)2026
Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and sex steroid hormone among 6-19-year old children and adolescents based on NHANES 2013-2016 data.
Article in Hormones (Athens, Greece), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionRecent pediatric growth research is increasingly examining serum 25(OH)D and sex hormone interactions. While 25(OH)D is crucial for regulation of skeletal health and calcium-phosphorus homeostasis, sex hormones direct pubertal onset and maturation. Given that emerging evidence has revealed intricate 25(OH)D-sex hormone interplay in child development, the current research evaluates potential correlations of sex hormone profiles with 25(OH)D among 6-19-year old children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis cross-sectional study utilized 2013-2016 NHANES data. Participants aged 6-19 years with complete serum 25(OH)D and sex hormone measurements were included. Multivariable regression with subgroup stratification examined independent 25(OH)D-sex hormone relationships.
resultsThe study enrolled 3,789 participants in the final cohort, averaging 12.3 ± 4.0 years of age, 50.62% being male and 49.37% female. Significant positive correlations were observed between 25(OH)D concentrations and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and the testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (TT/E2) in both sexes. Conversely, 25(OH)D demonstrated inverse associations with the free androgen index (FAI) and estradiol (E2) in males, while negatively correlating with FAI in females alone. Subgroup analyses revealed differential associations across pubertal stages and body mass index categories. Notably, the 25(OH)D-SHBG relationship exhibited nonlinearity, with piecewise linear regression identifying a J-shaped association in males (threshold: 60.451 nmol/L) and a U-shaped pattern in females (threshold: 68.051 nmol/L).
conclusionThese findings demonstrate significant sex-specific associations between 25(OH)D status and sex hormone profiles in the pediatric population. Prospective longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to validate these observations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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