Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41510990›Full record

ArticleACS biomaterials science & engineering2026

An Experimental Study on 3D-Printed Gyroid-Shaped TC4 Porous Scaffolds Guiding Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis in Bone Defect Areas.

Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Rui Liu, Yanfeng Liang, Yang Liu, Mingqi Xu, Jia Yu, Yucheng Su, Zekui Han, Xinyu Wang

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In one paragraph

Article in ACS biomaterials science & engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Lei WangKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Yu WangKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Rui LiuKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Yanfeng LiangLife Science Key Laboratory Center of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, 258 Xuefu Street, Jiamusi 154007, China.
Yang LiuKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Mingqi XuKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Jia YuKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Yucheng SuBeijing Implant Training College (BITC), 109 Xidan North Street, Beijing 100032, China.
Zekui HanKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.
Xinyu WangKey Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Materials and Clinical Application, School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, 522 Hongqi Street, Jiamusi 154002, China.ORCID 0009-0000-4993-5243

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To investigate the ability of novel Gyroid-shaped titanium alloy (TC4) porous bioscaffolds to induce angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone defect areas. This study employed selective laser melting (SLM) technology to fabricate Gyroid shaped and Cube-shaped TC4 porous bioscaffolds, using the commonly used cube shape as a control. The unit cell size was 4 mm, with a wall thickness or rod diameter of 300 μm and a porosity of approximately 80%. These scaffolds were implanted into rabbit mandibular defect sites (10 mm × 7 mm × 5 mm) to evaluate the angiogenic and osteogenic potential of the Gyroid-shaped scaffold. Material characterization revealed that sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) TC4 scaffolds met design specifications, exhibiting uniformly distributed micrometer-scale pores and enhanced surface hydrophilicity. Histological staining revealed that compared to the Cube-shaped scaffold, the Gyroid-shaped scaffold induced greater angiogenesis and new bone formation within the bone defect area. Both scaffolds demonstrated good biocompatibility. Western Blot and RT-qPCR results indicated that the Gyroid-shaped scaffold possessed superior angiogenesis potential (compared to the Cube-shaped scaffold). During the early implantation phase (1-2 weeks), Gyroid-shaped scaffolds exhibited higher expression of platelet-endothelial cell surface adhesion molecule 1 (CD31) and endothelial mucin (EMCN). Concurrently, vessel distribution within the scaffold showed spatial variation. Additionally, gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was elevated in the early bone defect area. Imaging analysis confirmed successful implantation of both scaffolds, with the Gyroid-shaped scaffold exhibiting a higher proportion of new bone formation. Consequently, the novel Gyroid-shaped TC4 porous bioscaffold demonstrates excellent potential for angiogenesis and osteogenesis, providing a reference for Gyroid-shaped scaffold-based bone defect repair.

Indexed as

AngiogenesisNeovascularization, PhysiologicOsteogenesisPrinting, Three-DimensionalTissue ScaffoldsTitaniumAlloysAnimalsBiocompatible MaterialsPorosityRabbitsTissue EngineeringAlloysBiocompatible MaterialsTitanium3D printingangiogenesisGyroid-shapedosteogenesisporous scaffoldtissue engineering

Identifiers

PMID41510990
PMCPMC12892247

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.