ArticleCureus2025
Statistical Evidence for Bimodal Age Distribution in Pediatric Orchiopexy: Support for Congenital and Acquired Cryptorchidism Subtypes.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Research progress on testicular torsion secondary to inguinal cryptorchidism.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to characterize the age distribution of orchiopexy procedures and assess whether bimodal patterns exist that may correlate with hypothesized congenital and acquired cryptorchidism subtypes. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe analyzed age-at-orchiopexy data from 659 consecutive patients (ages zero to 18 years) at a single tertiary pediatric center. Bimodality was assessed using (1) Hartigan's dip test for unimodality, (2) kernel density estimation with bootstrap mode stability analysis, and (3) Gaussian mixture modeling with information criterion-based model selection.
resultsThe dip test decisively rejected unimodality (dip = 0.134, p < 0.001). Gaussian mixture modeling strongly favored a two-component model over unimodal (ΔBIC = 407.7). The optimal model identified an early component (mean = 1.31 years, SD = 0.80, weight = 54.2%) and a late component (mean = 6.28 years, SD = 3.35, weight = 45.8%), with an intersection at 3.8 years. Bootstrap analysis confirmed a stable bimodal structure.
conclusionsAge-at-orchiopexy demonstrates statistically robust bimodality, with early (1.31 years) and late (6.28 years) components. This bimodal pattern is consistent with, and may correlate with, clinically hypothesized congenital and acquired cryptorchidism subtypes, but it does not by itself prove distinct biological entities. The intersection at 3.8 years may offer a quantitative reference point for age-specific management strategies and surveillance protocols and should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than prescriptive.
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